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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jan 11.
Published in final edited form as: Immunity. 2022 Jan 11;55(1):31–55. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.12.013

Table 1.

Clinical studies of anti-inflammatory treatments in patients with type 2 diabetes and associated complications

Targets Drugs References
Glycemia NF-κB Salsalate (Faghihimani et al., 2013; Fleischman et al., 2008; Goldfine et al., 2013a; Goldfine et al., 2013b; Goldfine et al., 2010; Goldfine et al., 2008; Koska et al., 2009)
TNFα Etanercept
Remicade (mixed results)		 (Bernstein et al., 2006; Dominguez et al., 2005; Gonzalez-Gay et al., 2006; Huvers et al., 2007; Kiortsis et al., 2005; Marra et al., 2007; Ofei et al., 1996; Paquot et al., 2000; Ruscitti, 2019; Stanley et al., 2011; Timper et al., 2013; Yazdani-Biuki et al., 2006; Yazdani-Biuki et al., 2004)
IL-1β
NLRP3		 Anakinra
Canakinumab
Gevokizumab
LY2189102
Diacerein
Dapansutrile		 (Cavelti-Weder et al., 2012; Everett et al., 2018b; Kataria et al., 2019; Larsen et al., 2007; Ramos-Zavala et al., 2011; Rissanen et al., 2012; Ruscitti, 2019; Sloan-Lancaster et al., 2013; van Asseldonk et al., 2011; van Poppel et al., 2014; Wohlford et al., 2020)
β-cell function IL-1β Anakinra
Diacerein		 (Larsen et al., 2007; Ramos-Zavala et al., 2011; van Asseldonk et al., 2011; van Poppel et al., 2014)
Insulin resistance NF-κB Salsalate (Faghihimani et al., 2013; Fleischman et al., 2008; Goldfine et al., 2013a; Goldfine et al., 2013b; Goldfine et al., 2010; Goldfine et al., 2008; Koska et al., 2009)
TNFα Etanercept
Remicade (mixed results)		 (Bernstein et al., 2006; Dominguez et al., 2005; Gonzalez-Gay et al., 2006; Huvers et al., 2007; Kiortsis et al., 2005; Marra et al., 2007; Ofei et al., 1996; Paquot et al., 2000; Ruscitti, 2019; Stanley et al., 2011; Timper et al., 2013; Yazdani-Biuki et al., 2006; Yazdani-Biuki et al., 2004)
IL-1β Anakinra (Ruscitti et al., 2019; van Asseldonk et al., 2012)
Cardiovascular complications IL-1β Canakinumab (Ridker et al., 2017)
Heart failure IL-1β
NLRP3		 Anakinra
Canakinumab
Dapansutrile		 (Abbate et al., 2015; Abbate et al., 2010; Everett et al., 2018a; Van Tassell et al., 2017; Van Tassell et al., 2018; Wohlford et al., 2020)
Gout IL-1β
NLRP3		 Anakinra
Canakinumab
Dapansutrile		 (Kluck et al., 2020; Martinon et al., 2006; So et al., 2007; Vitale et al., 2015)
Rheumatoid arthritis IL-1β Anakinra (Ruscitti, 2019)
Retinopathy IL-1β Canakinumab (Stahel et al., 2015)