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The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in vascular homeostasis. The RAS system consists of a two-step enzymatic cascade. Renin, the first and rate-limiting enzyme, converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I, which is, in turn, cleaved by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) into angiotensin II that controls vascular functions by binding to and activating the AT1 and AT2 receptors.
