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. 2022 Jan 11;14(2):346. doi: 10.3390/cancers14020346

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Cellular distribution, corresponding deacetylases, and primary functionalities of lysine acetylation. Lysine acetylation occurs in the nucleus, mitochondria, and cytoplasm. Nucleus lysine acetylation is deacetylated by class I deacetylases KDAC1/2/3/8, class II deacetylases KDAC4/5/6/7/9/10, class III deacetylases SIRT 1/2/6/7, Class IV deacetylase KDAC11; mitochondria lysine acetylation is deacetylated by class III deacetylases SIRT3/5; cytoplasm lysine acetylation is deacetylated by class II deacetylases KDAC4/5/6/7/9/10, class III deacetylase SIRT1/2/5, and class IV deacetylase KDAC11. Nucleus lysine acetylation can affect gene transcription via modulating chromatin structure if occurring on histones and regulate gene expression via controlling the localization, expression, and activity of TFs as well as the transcriptional machinery. Mitochondrial lysine acetylation can control the maintenance of bioenergetic equilibrium as acetyl-CoA is the substrate of acetylation and TCA cycle, and an important product of glycolysis. Cytoplasmic acetylation can affect signal transduction via modulating protein stability, localization, and aggregation, alone or together with other PTM programs.