. 2022 Jan 13;10(1):166. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10010166

Table 1.

Characteristics of the included case-control studies regarding maternal arginine concentrations in different pregnancy complications ¹.

Reference	Country	Subjects	Sample	Age, Year	Sampling Time, wk	GA, wk	BW, kg	NOS ²
Young et al., 1969 [18]	Canada	Control	3		At delivery	37–40	2.90–3.50	7
Young et al., 1969 [18]	Canada	IUGR	4		At delivery	37–40	1.40–2.60	7
Cockburn et al., 1971 [19]	United Kingdom	Control	26		At delivery	39.23 ± 2.61	3.30 ± 0.49	7
Cockburn et al., 1971 [19]	United Kingdom	IUGR	10		At delivery	36.00 ± 1.45	1.80 ± 0.23	7
Persson et al., 1986 [20]	Sweden	Control	15	28.00 ± 4.67	36–39	39.29 ± 0.59	3.04 ± 0.23	7
Persson et al., 1986 [20]	Sweden	IUGR	8	29.20 ± 6.36	36–39	38.14 ± 0.59	2.34 ± 0.32	7
Economides et al., 1989 [21]	USA	Control	62		16–36			9
Economides et al., 1989 [21]	USA	IUGR	31		16–36			9
Cetin et al., 1990 [22]	Italy	Control	14		38.50 ± 0.75		3.22 ± 0.40	7
Cetin et al., 1990 [22]	Italy	IUGR	12		33.70 ± 3.81		1.67 ± 0.65	7
Cetin et al., 1993 [23]	Italy	Control	8		26–38			8
Cetin et al., 1993 [23]	Italy	IUGR	31		27–38			8
Cetin et al., 1996 [24]	Italy	Control	10		26–40			8
		IUGR	6		34.40 ± 1.96
		IUGR	12		31.30 ± 3.46
		IUGR	5		30.60 ± 2.91
Di Giulio et al., 2004 [25]	Italy	Control	13	32.50 ± 3.97	8.50 ± 1.80	38.57 ± 3.10	3.10 ± 0.61	9
Di Giulio et al., 2004 [25]	Italy	IUGR	8	32.00 ± 1.98	8.80 ± 2.26	37.71 ± 2.43	2.12 ± 0.48	9
Speer et al., 2008 [26]	USA	Control	31	21.90 ± 4.70	18.30 ± 1.60	39.50 ± 1.40	3.26 ± 0.49	9
		IUGR	12	22.90 ± 4.70	18.10 ± 1.80	39.70 ± 1.30	2.47 ± 0.22
		Control	31	21.90 ± 4.70	At delivery	39.50 ± 1.40	3.26 ± 0.49
		IUGR	12	22.90 ± 4.70	At delivery	39.70 ± 1.30	2.47 ± 0.22
Tsikas et al., 2018 [27]	United Kingdom	Control	43	29.00 ± 5.30	23–25	39.40 ± 1.60	3.33 ± 0.46	8
		Control	19	27.10 ± 5.80	23–25	40.00 ± 1.70	3.21 ± 0.41
		IUGR	14	26.30 ± 6.20	23–25	38.60 ± 4.00	2.30 ± 0.73
Cockburn et al., 1971 [19]	United Kingdom	Control	26		At delivery	39.23 ± 2.61	3.30 ± 0.49	8
Cockburn et al., 1971 [19]	United Kingdom	PE	12		At delivery	36.00 ± 1.45	1.80 ± 0.23	8
Kuutti-Savolainen et al., 1979 [28]	Finland	Control	7	27.00 ± 5.40	At delivery	39.60 ± 1.10	3.62 ± 0.69	6
Kuutti-Savolainen et al., 1979 [28]	Finland	PE	4	23.30 ± 3.60	At delivery	40.00 ± 1.40	3.19 ± 0.26	6
Pettersson et al., 1998 [29]	Sweden	Control	12	30.30 ± 3.81	32–39			7
Pettersson et al., 1998 [29]	Sweden	PE	12	29.10 ± 4.16	35.60 ± 2.77	35.60 ± 2.77	2.22 ± 0.89	7
Beinder et al., 1999 [30]	Germany	Control	8	31.40 ± 3.88	At delivery	38.20 ± 2.57	3.37 ± 0.74	6
Beinder et al., 1999 [30]	Germany	PE	10	29.40 ± 5.25	At delivery	32.80 ± 4.88	1.95 ± 1.23	6
Evans et al., 2003 [31]	USA	Control	30	24.80 ± 4.93	38.80 ± 3.29	39.50 ± 1.10	3.58 ± 0.41	8
Evans et al., 2003 [31]	USA	PE	29	27.00 ± 6.46	At delivery	35.50 ± 2.69	2.46 ± 0.82	8
Glew et al., 2004 [32]	Nigeria	Control	16	26.90 ± 7.20	35.30 ± 5.50			9
Glew et al., 2004 [32]	Nigeria	PE	37	25.00 ± 7.30	35.40 ± 3.90			9
Maas et al., 2004 [33]	Colombia	Control	93	19.60 ± 3.70	At delivery	39.00 ± 3.70	3.21 ± 0.43	8
Maas et al., 2004 [33]	Colombia	PE	67	20.10 ± 5.40	At delivery	36.00 ± 1.63	2.46 ± 0.78	8
Hladunewich et al., 2006 [34]	USA	Control	22	32.00 ± 5.00	At delivery	39.80 ± 0.90		7
Hladunewich et al., 2006 [34]	USA	PE	23	28.00 ± 7.00	At delivery	34.40 ± 3.70		7
Kim et al., 2006 [35]	Korea	Control	13	31.10 ± 3.70	>20	39.10 ± 2.20		8
Kim et al., 2006 [35]	Korea	PE	16	30.70 ± 4.70	>20	35.90 ± 3.90		8
Siroen et al., 2006 [36]	The Netherlands	Control	15	32.00 ± 5.00	At delivery	41.30 ± 1.10	3.52 ± 0.56	7
		PE	16	31.00 ± 5.00	At delivery	37.10 ± 2.90	2.51 ± 0.86
		PE	7	30.00 ± 6.00	At delivery	32.40 ± 5.90	1.70 ± 1.20
Speer et al., 2008 [26]	USA	Control	31	21.90 ± 4.70	18.30 ± 1.60	39.50 ± 1.40	3.26 ± 0.49	9
		PE	15	25.10 ± 5.80	16.90 ± 3.20	35.90 ± 3.80	2.48 ± 0.85
		Control	31	21.90 ± 4.70	At delivery	39.50 ± 1.40	3.26 ± 0.49
		PE	15	25.10 ± 5.80	At delivery	35.90 ± 3.80	2.48 ± 0.85
Braekke et al., 2009 [37]	Norway	Control	51	32.50 ± 5.75	At delivery	38.70 ± 1.83	3.47 ± 0.47	7
Braekke et al., 2009 [37]	Norway	PE	47	31.50 ± 5.75	At delivery	32.90 ± 3.45	1.72 ± 0.75	7
Mao et al., 2010 [38]	China	Control	30					7
		PE	24
		PE	38
Turan et al., 2010 [39]	Turkey	Control	54	29.60 ± 5.90	33.90 ± 4.20			8
Turan et al., 2010 [39]	Turkey	PE	55	32.00 ± 6.60	33.50 ± 4.10			8
Khalil et al., 2013 [40]	United Kingdom	Control	300	32.50 ± 6.89	12.40 ± 0.89	40.00 ± 1.41	3.40 ± 0.44	9
		PE	25	30.20 ± 8.67	12.40 ± 0.44	32.00 ± 2.52	1.40 ± 0.37
		PE	50	32.40 ± 5.93	12.40 ± 0.59	38.90 ± 1.63	3.10 ± 0.74
Anderssohn et al., 2012 [41]	Germany	Control	28	31.70 ± 5.30	36.60 ± 3.50	39.00 ± 1.00	3.56 ± 0.43	7
Anderssohn et al., 2012 [41]	Germany	PE	18	31.90 ± 6.20	33.90 ± 3.30	35.00 ± 3.50	2.22 ± 0.95	7
Tamás et al., 2013 [42]	Hungary	Control	15	30.10 ± 6.50	29.80–39.20	39.20 ± 1.30	3.41 ± 0.56	8
		PE	36	30.00 ± 6.80	29.80–39.20	31.80 ± 2.90	1.45 ± 0.54
		PE	17	31.20 ± 6.20	29.80–39.20	38.00 ± 1.60	3.03 ± 0.60
Tsikas et al., 2018 [27]	United Kingdom	Control	43	29.00 ± 5.30	23.00–25.00	39.40 ± 1.60	3.33 ± 0.46	8
		Control	19	27.10 ± 5.80	23.00–25.00	40.00 ± 1.70	3.21 ± 0.41
		PE	10	28.20 ± 4.70	23.00–25.00	34.80 ± 3.50	2.07 ± 0.72
Campos et al., 2019 [4]	Switzerland	Control	33	30.40 ± 3.93	12.40 ± 0.74	39.60 ± 1.06	3.43 ± 0.52	8
		PE	33	31.00 ± 4.81	12.40 ± 0.53	37.90 ± 2.33	3.03 ± 0.74
		Control	3	31.90 ± 2.07	12.29 ± 1.16	40.43 ± 0.11	3.01 ± 0.81
		PE	5	27.00 ± 5.78	12.57 ± 0.32	37.43 ± 2.12	2.82 ± 1.02
Cockburn et al., 1971 [19]	United Kingdom	Control	26		At delivery	39.23 ± 2.61	3.30 ± 0.49	7
Cockburn et al., 1971 [19]	United Kingdom	GDM	9		At delivery	36.00 ± 1.15	3.80 ± 0.58	7
Vejtorp et al., 1977 [43]	Denmark	Control	5	28.00 ± 2.03	At delivery	39.60 ± 1.17	3.90 ± 0.49	7
Vejtorp et al., 1977 [43]	Denmark	GDM	6	25.80 ± 2.34	At delivery	37.70 ± 0.87	2.80 ± 0.33	7
Persson et al., 1986 [20]	Sweden	Control	15	28.00 ± 4.67	36.00–39.00	39.29 ± 0.59	3.04 ± 0.23	7
Persson et al., 1986 [20]	Sweden	GDM	4	30.80 ± 5.20	36.00–39.00	39.29 ± 0.28	3.66 ± 0.49	7
Fitch et al., 1987 [44]	USA	Control	8	26.80 ± 7.40	30.00–36.00		3.33 ± 0.59	7
Fitch et al., 1987 [44]	USA	GDM	2	28.50 ± 7.80	30.00–36.00		3.65 ± 0.10	7
Butte et al., 1999 [45]	USA	Control	8	23.00 ± 2.00	6.00	39.40 ± 1.80	3.70 ± 0.40	7
		GDM	8	28.00 ± 5.00	6.00	39.50 ± 0.80	3.60 ± 0.40
		Control	8	23.00 ± 2.00	32–36	39.40 ± 1.80	3.70 ± 0.40
		GDM	8	28.00 ± 5.00	32–36	39.50 ± 0.80	3.60 ± 0.40
Cetin et al., 2005 [46]	Italy	Control	16		At delivery			9
Cetin et al., 2005 [46]	Italy	GDM	17		At delivery			9
Pappa et al., 2007 [47]	Greece	Control	46	27.85 ± 4.99	30–33			8
Pappa et al., 2007 [47]	Greece	GDM	25	27.84 ± 5.14	30–33			8
Park et al., 2015 [48]	Korea	Control	25	33.30 ± 3.80	26.24 ± 2.07			9
Park et al., 2015 [48]	Korea	GDM	64	33.70 ± 4.10	26.36 ± 1.87			9
Rahimi et al., 2017 [49]	Iran	Control	25	29.46 ± 5.45	>25			9
Rahimi et al., 2017 [49]	Iran	GDM	31	32.65 ± 5.56	>25			9
Roy et al., 2018 [50]	Canada	Control	50	31.00 ± 3.80	24–28	38.40 ± 1.70	3.15 ± 0.75	9
Roy et al., 2018 [50]	Canada	GDM	50	31.00 ± 3.70	24–28	39.30 ± 1.50	3.30 ± 0.52	9
Wang et al., 2019 [51]	China	Control	63	29.32 ± 3.61	26.06 ± 1.64			7
Wang et al., 2019 [51]	China	GDM	58	30.75 ± 4.23	26.04 ± 1.23			7
Burzynska-Pedziwiatr et al., 2020 [13]	Poland	Control	35	28.00 ± 3.70	24–28			9
Burzynska-Pedziwiatr et al., 2020 [13]	Poland	GDM	29	30.00 ± 4.44	24–28			9
Jiang et al., 2020 [52]	China	Control	366	28.10 ± 3.60	12–16			9
Jiang et al., 2020 [52]	China	GDM	65	29.80 ± 3.80	12–16			9
Ye et al., 2021 [53]	China	Control	48	28.22 ± 3.02	39.12 ± 1.15			7
Ye et al., 2021 [53]	China	GDM	48	28.09 ± 3.35	39.17 ± 1.18			7

¹ Data are presented as the mean ± SD or range. BW, body weight; GA, gestational age; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HD, hypertension disorder; IUGR, intrauterine growth restriction. ² The quality of all included studies was evaluated using the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS, [15]), which includes selection, comparability, and outcomes.