Table 2.
Exosomal microRNAs have been Used to Treat Ischemic Stroke.
| microRNAs | Models | Sources | Proposed Effects | Involved Pathway | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| miR-133b | MCAO-rat | MSC | Neural remodeling | CTGF | [86,87,88] |
| miR-17-92 cluster | MCAO-rat | MSC | Neural remodeling | PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathway | [90] |
| miR-138-5p | MCAO-mouse OGD-astrocyte |
MSC | Anti-inflammation Anti-apoptosis | Lipocalin 2 | [91] |
| miR-30d-5p | MCAO-rat OGD-microglia |
MSC | Anti-inflammation Anti-apoptosis |
Beclin-1/Atg5 | [92] |
| miR-223-3p | MCAO-rat OGD-microglia |
MSC | Anti-inflammation | CysLT2R-ERK1/2 | [93,99] |
| miR-1906 | MCAO-mouse OGD-neuron |
MSC | Anti-inflammation | TLR4 | [94] |
| miR-132-3p | MCAO-mouse endothelial cell |
MSC | BBB protection Reduce vascular ROS |
PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway | [95] |
| miR-21-3p | MCAO-rat | MSC | BBB protection Anti-inflammation Anti-apoptosis |
MAT2B | [96] |
| miR-134 | OGD-oligodendrocyte | MSC | Anti-apoptosis | Caspase-8 | [97] |
| miR-184 | MCAO-rat | MSC | Neurogenesis Angiogenesis |
---- | [98] |
| miR-210 | MCAO-rat | MSC | Neurogenesis Angiogenesis |
ephrin-A3 | [98] |
| miR-126 | MCAO-mouse | EPC | Neurogenesis Angiogenesis Anti-apoptosis |
Caspase-3VEGFR2 | [100,101] |
| miR-181b-5p | OGD-endothelial cell | MSC | Angiogenesis | TTRPM7 | [102] |
| miR-132 | zebrafish larvaeendothelial cell | Neuron | Angiogenesis | Cdh5/eEF2K | [54] |
| miR-124 | Photothrombosis mouse | MSC | Neurogenesis | GLI3 STAT3 |
[103] |
| MCAO-mouse OGD-neuron |
M2 microglia | Anti-apoptosis | USP14 | [104] | |
| miR-137 | MCAO-mouse OGD-neuron |
Microglia | Anti-apoptosis | Notch1 | [105] |
| miR-22-3p | MCAO-rat OGD-neuron |
MSC | Anti-apoptosis | KDM6B/BMP2/BMF axis | [106] |
| miR-34c | MCAO-rat OGD-neuroblastoma cells |
Astrocyte | Anti-inflammation Anti-apoptosis |
TLR7 and NFκB/MAPK pathways |
[107] |
| miR-146a-5p | MCAO-mouse OGD-microglia |
MSC | Anti-inflammation | IRAK1/TRAF6 pathway | [108] |
MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion; MSC, mesenchymal stromal cells; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; Akt, protein kinase B; mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin; OGD, oxygen and glucose deprivation; CysLT2R, cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2; ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinases; BBB, blood–brain barrier; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; ROS, reactive oxygen species; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthesis; MAT2B, methionine adenosyltransferase 2B; EPC, endothelial progenitor cells; VEGFR2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2; TRPM7, transient receptor potential melastatin 7; Cdh5, cadherin 5; eEF2K, eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase; GLI3, gli family zinc finger 3; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; USP14, ubiquitin-specific protease 14; KDM6B, lysine demethylase 6B; BMP2, bone morphogenetic protein 2; BMF, bcl2 modifying factor; IRAK1, interleukin 1 receptor associated kinase 1; TRAF6, TNF receptor associated factor 6.