Table 2.
Changes of muscle activation.
| EMG-PTG (n = 21) |
TPTG (n = 20) |
Significance of Change Scores t(p) |
Effect Size | MDC (MDC%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muscle activation of affected side | ||||||
| Rectus femoris muscle (μV) | Pre | 7.58 ± 4.26 | 7.08 ± 4.02 | |||
| Post | 10.19 ± 4.60 | 7.88 ± 4.68 | ||||
| Change Score | 2.61 ± 1.35 * | 0.80 ± 2.03 | 3.364(0.002) | 1.05 | 0.82(31.35) | |
| Biceps femoris muscle (μV) | Pre | 12.00 ± 5.09 | 12.13 ± 4.91 | |||
| Post | 13.73 ± 5.22 | 12.84 ± 5.75 | ||||
| Change Score | 1.73 ± 0.74 * | 0.70 ± 2.00 | 2.192(0.034) | 0.68 | 0.45(25.84) | |
| Tibialis anterior muscle (μV) | Pre | 11.16 ± 9.18 | 13.83 ± 10.12 | |||
| Post | 11.90 ± 9.63 | 14.71 ± 9.47 | ||||
| Change Score | 0.73 ± 1.82 | 0.87 ± 2.13 | 0.224(0.824) | |||
| Gastrocnemius muscle (μV) | Pre | 14.05 ± 12.65 | 12.79 ± 11.76 | |||
| Post | 15.84 ± 12.73 | 13.45 ± 11.80 | ||||
| Change Score | 1.79 ± 1.27 * | 0.67 ± 1.84 | 2.278(0.028) | 0.71 | 0.77(42.85) | |
| Muscle activation of unaffected side | ||||||
| Rectus femoris muscle (μV) | Pre | 12.48 ± 5.18 | 12.76 ± 6.27 | |||
| Post | 12.79 ± 4.93 | 12.90 ± 5.38 | ||||
| Change Score | 0.19 ± 1.64 | 0.14 ± 1.90 | 0.056(0.932) | |||
| Biceps femoris muscle (μV) | Pre | 23.57 ± 15.82 | 20.73 ± 15.75 | |||
| Post | 24.08 ± 15.71 | 21.36 ± 15.82 | ||||
| Change Score | 0.51 ± 1.98 | 0.62 ± 2.17 | 0.175(0.862) | |||
| Tibialis anterior muscle (μV) | Pre | 18.19 ± 9.91 | 18.95 ± 9.05 | |||
| Post | 18.60 ± 10.12 | 19.54 ± 9.38 | ||||
| Change Score | 0.40 ± 1.75 | 0.59 ± 1.99 | 0.320(0.751) | |||
| Gastrocnemius muscle (μV) | Pre | 15.25 ± 5.22 | 14.29 ± 5.12 | |||
| Post | 15.59 ± 5.60 | 14.84 ± 5.02 | ||||
| Change Score | 0.34 ± 1.62 | 0.55 ± 2.17 | 0.363(0.718) | |||
| Symmetry ratio | ||||||
| Rectus femoris muscle | Pre | 1.97 ± 0.89 | 2.12 ± 1.01 | |||
| Post | 1.40 ± 0.64 | 2.04 ± 1.10 | ||||
| Change Score | −0.57 ± 0.52 * | −0.08 ± 0.80 | 2.343(0.024) | 0.73 | 0.32(55.33) | |
| Biceps femoris muscle | Pre | 2.00 ± 1.06 | 1.67 ± 0.94 | |||
| Post | 1.76 ± 0.91 | 1.69 ± 1.00 | ||||
| Change Score | −0.24 ± 0.26 * | 0.03 ± 0.21 | 3.630(0.001) | 1.13 | 0.16(65.38) | |
| Tibialis anterior muscle | Pre | 2.13 ± 1.18 | 1.77 ± 0.87 | |||
| Post | 2.12 ± 1.39 | 1.67 ± 0.75 | ||||
| Change Score | −0.01 ± 0.57 | −0.10 ± 0.35 | 0.605(0.549) | |||
| Gastrocnemius muscle | Pre | 1.71 ± 1.10 | 1.66 ± 1.10 | |||
| Post | 1.42 ± 0.88 | 1.78 ± 1.39 | ||||
| Change Score | −0.29 ± 0.30 * | 0.12 ± 0.52 | 3.073(0.004) | 0.96 | 0.18(62.46) | |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. * means significant difference within groups. EMG-PTG, electromyography-triggered pedaling training group; TPTG, traditional pedaling training group; MDC, minimal detectable change.