Table 1.
Neuropsychiatric manifestations associated with the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies. The prevalence of each neuropsychiatric manifestation in APS patients is depicted in two columns. Firstly, the prevalence as described in the Euro-Phospholipid Project Group study, evaluating 1000 patients with APS, by Cervera et al. [12], and then, any other articles that have described prevalence separately. The prevalence of some manifestations is unknown as they are based on anecdotal reports. Relevant review articles for each manifestation has also been included. Information in the table that is unavailable is denoted with a -.
| Prevalence | Review Article | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Cervera et al. [12] | Other | ||
| Cerebrovascular disease | |||
| Transient ischaemic attack | 11.10% | - | - |
| Ischaemic stroke | 19.80% | - | - |
| Acute ischaemic encephalopathy | 1.10% | - | - |
| Cerebral venous thrombosis | 0.70% | 6–17% [13] | - |
| Seizures | 7% | 3–10% [14,15,16] | Noureldine et al. [15] |
| Headache | 20.20% | - | - |
| Idiopathic intracranial hypertension | - | - | - |
| Chorea | 1.30% | - | Peluso et al. [17] |
| Multiple sclerosis like-syndrome | - | - | Uthman et al. [18] |
| Transverse myelitis | 0.40% | 1% [19] | - |
| Other neurological syndromes | |||
| Sensorineural hearing loss | - | - | Riera et al. [20] |
| Guillain-Barré syndrome | - | - | - |
| Transient global amnesia | 0.70% | - | - |
| Ocular syndromes | - | 15–88% [21] | Suvajac et al. [21] |
| Dystonia-Parkinsonism | - | - | Menozzi et al. [22] |
| Cognitive dysfunction | - | 11–60.5% [23] | Donnellan et al. [23] |
| Dementia | 2.50% | - | - |
| Other psychiatric disorders | |||
| Depression | - | - | - |
| Psychosis | - | - | Hallab et al. [24] |