Table 1.
Patient demographics (n = 136).
| Characteristics | Total | CN (n = 51) | aMCI (n = 54) | AD (n = 31) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aβ− | Aβ+ (Preclinical AD) |
Aβ− | Aβ+ (Prodromal AD) |
Aβ+ | ||
| n | 136 | 28 | 23 | 22 | 32 | 31 |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 136 | 69.4 (6.3) | 73.9 (2.5) * | 69.1 (8.6) | 72.7 (8.0) *† | 65.2 (8.7) *† |
| Education, mean (SD), y | 132 | 9.3 (4.2) | 11.2 (5.5) | 10.4 (5.1) | 9.6 (5.1) | 6.4 (3.5) *† |
| Female sex, No. (%) | 136 | 17 (60.7) | 10 (43.5) | 6 (27.3) | 16 (50.0) | 21.0 (67.7) |
| K-MMSE score, mean (SD) | 131 | 26.5 (2.3) | 27.5 (1.9) | 25.7 (3.1) | 24.8 (2.8) * | 18.9 (4.3) *† |
| APOE ε4 carrier, No. (%) | 133 | 3 (10.7) | 16 (69.5) * | 2 (9.1) | 26 (81.3) *† | 24 (77.4) *† |
| CSF biomarkers, mean (SD), pg/mL | ||||||
| NFL concentrations, pg/mL | 136 | 655.7 (150.0) | 989.2 (487.5) * | 693.7 (281.7) | 960.5 (398.3) *† | 970.4 (360.9) *† |
| Aβ1–42 con., pg/mL | 136 | 1089.3 (160.2) | 516.4 (192.3) * | 947.3 (161.5) | 473.0 (147.1) *† | 399.1 (135.1) *† |
| t-Tau con., pg/mL | 136 | 209.7 (54.6) | 322.9 (122.1) * | 206.8 (70.9) | 475.7 (210.8) *† | 522.8 (217.1) *† |
| p-Tau181 con., pg/mL | 136 | 40.0 (8.8) | 52.6 (19.4) * | 38.2 (9.4) | 72.2 (26.8) *† | 74.4 (27.0) *† |
| Plasma biomarkers, mean (SD), pg/mL | ||||||
| NFL con., pg/mL | 136 | 16.7 (6.0) | 20.9 (6.5) * | 18.1 (9.1) | 22.5 (9.3) * | 21.8 (6.6) * |
| Aβ1–42 con., pg/mL | 136 | 12.7 (3.9) | 9.9 (3.0) * | 12.4 (3.8) | 9.5 (2.2) *† | 8.2 (2.4) *† |
| Combination biomarkers, ratio | ||||||
| CSF NFL/Aβ1–42 ratio | 136 | 0.62 (0.17) | 2.02 (1.0) * | 0.74 (0.3) | 2.29 (1.3) *† | 2.62 (1.18) *† |
| Plasma NFL/Aβ1–42 ratio | 136 | 1.46 (0.65) | 2.46 (1.3) * | 1.46 (0.5) | 2.46 (1.1) *† | 2.92 (1.19) *† |
| Neuroimaging | ||||||
| Aβ- PET (SUVR score) | 135 | 1.0 (0.06) | 1.24 (0.13) * | 0.97 (0.06) | 1.30 (0.19) *† | 1.3886 (0.11) *† |
| Hippocampal volume/ICV | 134 | 0.0029 (0.00032) | 0.0027 (0.00031) | 0.0025 (0.00043) | 0.0024 (0.00037) * | 0.0021 (0.00038) *† |
| Entorhinal cortex (mm) | 134 | 3.4213 (0.32244) | 3.3355 (2.28296) | 3.3066 (0.47337) | 3.0681 (0.38707) * | 2.9610 (0.45533) *† |
Values are presented as means ± SD. Abbreviation: K-MMSE, Korean Mini-Mental State Examination; ICV, intracranial volume; SUVR, standardized uptake value ratio; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; Aβ1–42, amyloid beta1–42; t-Tau, total Tau protein, p-Tau, phosphorylated Tau protein; NFL, neurofilament light chain; CN, cognitive normal; aMCI, amnestic mild cognitive impairment; AD, Alzheimer’s disease. Significant difference analysis using ANCOVA were adjusted sex and age. * Indicates a significant difference between the indicated group and the amyloid-negative CN group. † Indicates a significant difference between the amyloid-negative aMCI group.