Figure 4.
Electrochemical sensors for on-chip O2 measurement. (A) cross-section and top view of the Clark-type O2 monitoring microsensor via chronoamperometric sensing protocols in cell culture and organ-on-chip systems. Reproduced with permission [85], copyright 2020, Elsevier. (B) microfluidic cell culture chip with intra-channel parallel electrochemical and optical O2 measurement using commercial optical and electrochemical readout devices showing agreement between the results (red and black curves). Reproduced with permission [105], copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (C) Components and cross-section of the microfluidic chip with electrochemical detection electrode arrays for a distinct set of three-electrode for O2 and the electrode array for Na+, K+ and pH measurement. Reproduced with permission [106], copyright 2015, Elsevier.