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. 2022 Jan 18;29(1):328–341. doi: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2027046

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© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 1. — (A) Solubility of bimatoprost (BIM) in various solvents and surfactants. In vitro penetration of BIM topical formulations (BIM–TFs) through the artificial membrane; (B) time–course curve showing cumulative drug infiltration and (C) flux from BIM in ethanol or BIM–TFs. **p<.01, ***p<.001 compared to BIM–TF#4; ^###p<.001 compared to BIM–TF#5; ^$$$p<.001 compared to BIM–TF#7; ^&p<.05, ^&&p<.01, ^&&&p<.001 compared to BIM–TF#8. (D) Time–course curve showing cumulative infiltration and (E) flux of 0.03%, 0.3%, and 5% BIM in ethanol or BIM–TF#5. ***p<.001 compared to 0.03% BIM in ethanol; ^#p<.05, ^###p<.001 compared to 0.3% BIM in ethanol; ^$$p<.01, ^$$$p<.001 compared to 5% BIM in ethanol; ^&&&p<.001 compared to 0.03% BIM–TF#5; ^@@@p<.001 compared to 0.3% BIM–TF#5. (F) Time–course curve showing cumulative drug penetration of 5% minoxidil in ethanol and commercial 5% minoxidil topical solution through an artificial membrane. ***p<.001 compared to 5% minoxidil in ethanol. Values are means ± SDs (n = 4 for each group).