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. 2022 Jan 5;12(1):81. doi: 10.3390/biom12010081

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Illustration of thylakoid membrane-decorated upconversion nanoparticles (UCTM) for enhanced photodynamic efficacy against hypoxic tumors. (a) Preparation of UCTM and the corresponding electron transfer as well as oxygen and reactive oxygen species generation mechanism of UCTMs under near-infrared light irradiation. (b) the therapeutic process mediated by synchronous oxygen supply and reactive oxygen species generation under near-infrared light irradiation. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [104]. Copyright 2021 John Wiley and Sons.