Table 1.
Study characteristics of all 68 studies reporting predictors of mortality or prediction models.
| Study (First Author, Publication Year) |
Study Design | N Patients | Study Population | Age (Years) | Men (%) | Follow-Up (Months) | Mortality Rate (%) | Survival (Months) | Inclusion in Meta-Analysis |
Inclusion of a Model |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bartels, 2007 [19] | Cohort | 219 | Spinal epidural metastases; various cancer types |
62.7 ± 12.5 | 58.4 | 10 | n/a | 3.0 (0.0–74.4) |
+ | + |
| 2 | Braun, 2011 [20] | Cohort | 1194 | Stage I–IV NSCLC | 58.5 (21.6–86.4) |
50.3 | n/a | 65.2 | 8.8 (8.0–9.5) |
+ | - |
| 3 | Brunello, 2016 [21] | Cohort | 658 | Stage I–IV; various cancer types | 77.2 ± 5.1 | 34.2 | 12 | 17.4 | n/a | + | + |
| 4 | Cesari, 2013 [22] | Cohort | 200 | Stage I–IV ovarian or uterine cancer | 73.5 ± 6.2 | 0.0 | 12 | 11.5 | n/a | + | + |
| 5 | Chen, 2019 [23] | Cohort | 121 | Gastric adenocarcinoma; stage I–IV |
64.0 ± 14.9 | 60.3 | 12 | 32.2 | n/a | - | - |
| 6 | Chow, 2008 [24] | Cohort | 395 | Metastatic disease, referred for palliative radiotherapy; various cancer types | 68.0 (31.0–93.0) |
50.0 | 12 | n/a | 4.4 (3.9–6.4) |
+ | + |
| 7 | Collette, 2004 [25] | RCT | 391 | Metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer | 70.8 (34.3–89.3) |
100.0 | 12 | 42.7 | 10.4 (9.2–11.5) |
+ | + |
| 8 | Collins, 2014 [26] | Cohort | 1160 | Malignant glioma | n/a | 58.4 | 4 | 23.0 | n/a | - | - |
| 9 | Contreras-Bolívar, 2019 [27] | Cohort | 282 | Various cancer types | 60.4 ± 12.6 | 55.7 | 6 | 47.9 | n/a | - | - |
| 10 | Deans, 2007 [28] | Cohort | 220 | Stage I–IV gastric or esophageal cancer | 71.0 (62.0–78.0) |
65.9 | 24 | 61.8 | 13.0 (n/a) | + | + |
| 11 | Dharma-Wardene, 2004 [29] | Cohort | 42 | Stage IIIA/B or IV NSCLC or SCLC | 59.4 (39.0–78.0) |
45.2 | 24 | 16.7 | 9.9 (n/a) | + | - |
| 12 | Efficace, 2006 [30] | RCT | 391 | Stage IIIB–IV NSCLC | 57.0 (28.1–75.9) |
65.2 | n/a | 77.2 | (6.7–8.9) | + | - |
| 13 | Ferrigno, 2001 [31] | Cohort | 343 | Stage 0–IV bronchogenic carcinoma |
68.0 (39.0–86.0) |
88.6 | 8.5 (3.6–17.4) |
79.0 | n/a | - | - |
| 14 | Fielding, 2007 [32] | Cohort | 358 | Lung (analysis, stage I–IV) | n/a, subgroups of different ages available |
75.7 | 3.2 (2.0–7.0) |
78.5 | n/a | + | + |
| 15 | Filippini, 2008 [33] | Cohort | 676 | Newly-diagnosed glioblastoma | 58.0 (16.0–81.0) |
61.8 | 24 | 84.0 | 13.6 (12.9–14.3) |
+ | - |
| 16 | Gagnon, 2013 [34] | Cohort | 258 | Inoperable stage III–IV NSCLC | n/a | 50.0 | 12 | n/a | (2.5–18.2) | - | + |
| 17 | Geraci, 2006 [35] | Cohort | 372 | Acutely symptomatic cancer patients; various cancer types | 56.0 (15.0–96.0) |
49.0 | 6 | 30.0 | n/a | - | - |
| 18 | Giantin, 2013 [36] | Cohort | 160 | Inoperable, locally advanced or metastatic cancer; various cancer types |
79.4 ± 5.7 | 45.5 | 12 | 46.9 | n/a | + | + |
| 19 | Griguolo, 2018 [37] | Cohort | 668 | Invasive breast cancer, brain metastases |
56.0 (24.0–85.0) |
0.1 | n/a | 94.6 | 8.1 (6.9–9.4) |
+ | - |
| 20 | Gripp, 2007 [38] | Cohort | 216 | Patients examined for palliative radiation; various cancer types | 64.0 (21.0–96.0) |
51.0 | 6 | 51.4 | n/a | - | - |
| 21 | Gupta, 2004 [39] | Cohort | 58 | Stage IV pancreatic cancer | 56.2 ± 10.7 | 60.3 | n/a | 72.4 | (4.9–10.2) | - | - |
| 22 | Gupta, 2009 [40] | Cohort | 165 | Stage IIIB or IV NSCLC | 56.0 (30.0–78.0) |
56.4 | n/a | 67.3 | (6.8–16.8) | - | - |
| 23 | Hoang, 2005 [41] | RCT | 1436 | Stage IIIB or IV NSCLC | n/a | 63.0 | 24 | 89.0 | 8.2 (n/a) | + | + |
| 24 | Hong, 2016 [42] | Cohort | 183 | Advanced HCC | Mean 55.8 | 86.3 | 6 | 74.9 | n/a | - | + |
| 25 | Hosono, 2005 [43] | Cohort | 165 | Spinal metastases; various cancer types |
n/a | n/a | 23.4 (0.3–140.0) |
n/a | n/a | - | - |
| 26 | Hui, 2014 [44] | Cohort | 222 | Advanced cancer, seen by palliative care mobile team; various cancer types |
55.0 (22.0–79.0) |
41.0 | 3.9 (0.9–7.9) |
64.0 | 3.6 (2.3–4.2) |
+ | - |
| 27 | Hui, 2016 [45] | Cohort | 216 | Advanced cancer, seen by the palliative care mobile team; various cancer types | 54.9 (22.0–79.0) |
42.0 | 7.9 (6.9–8.6) |
63.0 | 3.6 (2.3–4.4) |
- | + |
| 28 | Iversen, 2009 [46] | Cohort | 13,190 | Stage I–IV colorectal cancer | n/a | 47.0 | 12 | n/a | n/a | + | - |
| 29 | Jang, 2014 [47] | Cohort | 1655 | Advanced cancer; various cancer types |
65.0 (21.0–97.0) |
49.0 | n/a | 91.0 | 4.4 (4.0–4.7) |
- | + |
| 30 | Jonna, 2016 [48] | Cohort | 803 | Stage I–IV; various cancer types | 72.5 (n/a) | 51.8 | 12 | 77.3 | 4.9 (n/a) | + | + |
| 31 | Katagiri, 2005 [49] | Cohort | 350 | Bone metastases; various cancer types | 59.0 (14.0–88.0) |
56.9 | 24 | 67.0 | n/a | + | - |
| 32 | Kilgour, 2013 [50] | Cohort | 203 | Locally, advanced and metastatic cancer; various cancer types |
64.3 ± 12.8 | 57.1 | n/a | 76.6 | 7.3 (5.3–9.3) |
- | - |
| 33 | Kim, 2009 [51] | Cohort | 325 | UICC stage I–IV newly-diagnosed HCC |
58.8 ± 9.5 | 80.9 | 24 | 46.4 | 14.7 (2.0–88.0) |
- | + |
| 34 | Kinoshita, 2012 [52] |
Cohort | 133 | Stage I–IV HCC | 71.0 (43.0–87.0) |
70.7 | 22.0 (1.0–69.0) |
13.0–91.4 | n/a | + | - |
| 35 | Langendijk, 2000 [53] |
Cohort | 198 | Stage I–IIIB NSCLC | n/a | 85.0 | n/a | n/a | (2.8–13.8) | - | - |
| 36 | Liljehult, 2017 [54] | Cohort | 109 | Glioblastoma | 65.0 ± 9.9 | 56.9 | 12 | 55.0 | n/a | - | - |
| 37 | Limquiaco, 2009 [55] |
Cohort | 471 | Stage I–IV HCC | 58.8 ± 12.2 | 85.1 | 6 | 45.0 | 10.1 ± 10.3 | - | + |
| 38 | Lund, 2009 [56] | Cohort | 2315 | Renal cancer | Men: 68.0 (15.0–96.0); women: 70.0 (18.0–97.0) | 58.7 | 12 | 36.9 | n/a | + | - |
| 39 | Maione, 2005 [57] | RCT | 566 | Stage IIIB–IV NSCLC | 74.0 (70.0–84.0) |
82.0 | 12 | 68 | 6.9 (6.4–7.8) |
+ | - |
| 40 | Marrero, 2005 [58] | Cohort | 244 | Stage I–IV HCC | 57.0 ± 10.0 | 73.0 | 12 | 42.0 | 16.4 (12.9–19.8) |
+ | - |
| 41 | Martin, 2010 [59] | Cohort | 1164 | Metastatic cancer; various cancer types |
66.8 ± 13.0 | 49.0 | 3.1 (0.0–38.6) |
86.4 | n/a | + | + |
| 42 | Moroni, 2014 [60] | Cohort | 231 | Advanced cancer; various cancer types |
70.2 ± 0.9 | 50.6 | 12 | 45.0 | n/a | + | + |
| 43 | Moss, 2010 [61] | Cohort | 826 | Stage I–IV breast, lung, and colon cancer |
60.0 ± 13.0 | 14.8 | 12 | 8.3 | n/a | + | + |
| 44 | Motzer, 2004 [62] | Cohort | 251 | Stage IV renal cell carcinoma | 57.0 (23.0–77.0) |
67.0 | 24 | 76.0 | 10.2 (8.0–12.0) |
+ | - |
| 45 | Norman, 2010 [63] | Cohort | 399 | Stage I–IV; various cancer types | 63.0 ± 11.8 | 52.1 | 6 | 25.1 | n/a | + | - |
| 46 | Orskov, 2016 [64] | Cohort | 2654 | Stage I–IV ovary cancer | n/a | 0.0 | 12 | 16.0 | n/a | - | - |
| 47 | Park, 2016 [65] | Cohort | 403 | Metastatic or recurrent pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma |
66.0 (29.0–96.0) |
49.1 | 7.9 (0.1–70.5) |
n/a | 8.2 (7.3–9.1) |
+ | + |
| 48 | Penel, 2008 [66] | Cohort | 119 | Bone metastases; various cancer types | 57.0 (29.0–84.0) |
64.7 | 3 | 34.0 | 3.9 (0.0–94.5) |
+ | + |
| 49 | Penel, 2008 [67] | Cohort | 148 | Patients screened for phase 1 trial; various cancer types | 54.0 (23.0–79.0) |
n/a | 3 | 73.0 | 5.7 (0.0–79.6) |
+ | - |
| 50 | Pinato, 2015 [68] | Cohort | 97 | Intermediate-advanced HCC | 64.0 (22.0–82.0) |
80.0 | n/a | 71.0 | 5.7 (1.0–88.0) |
- | + |
| 51 | Pointillart, 2011 [69] | Cohort | 142 | Vertebral metastases; various cancer types | 61.8 (28.0–89.0) |
57.0 | 12 | 50.7 | 5.0 (n/a) | + | - |
| 52 | Roychowdhury, 2003 [70] | Cohort | 364 | Locally advanced or metastatic urothelial transitional-cell carcinoma |
63.5 (n/a) | 79.1 | n/a | n/a | 14.2 (13.1–16.8) |
- | - |
| 53 | Rydzek, 2015 [71] | Cohort | 326 | Breast cancer, SCLC or NSCLC; patients with established cardiovascular disease |
67.8 ± 10.0 | 54.0 | 12 | n/a | (4.8–96.0) | + | - |
| 54 | Schoenfeld, 2020 [72] |
Cohort | 1216 | Various cancer types, spinal metastases | 58.0 ± 9.7 | 50.0 | 12 | 47.0 | 8.4 (3.1–21.1) |
- | - |
| 55 | Scott, 2002 [73] | Cohort | 106 | Stage III–IV NSCLC | 69.0 (43.0–87.0) |
58.5 | n/a | n/a | 5.2 (0.3–38.5) |
+ | - |
| 56 | Seow, 2013 [74] | Cohort | 11,342 | Various cancer types, patients with PPS assessment | 64.0 ± n/a | 45.6 | 6 | 25 | n/a | + | - |
| 57 | Shen, 2007 [75] | Cohort | 49 | HCC, patients underwent TACE | 57.0 ± 1.0 | 81.6 | n/a | 49.0 | 12.0 (1.0–72.0) |
- | - |
| 58 | Soubeyran, 2012 [76] |
Cohort | 348 | Various cancer types; 65% advanced stage |
77.5 (70.0–99.4) |
59.5 | 6 | 16.1 | n/a | + | - |
| 59 | Sutradhar, 2014 [77] |
Cohort | 66,112 | Various cancer types | n/a | 43.8 | 19.3 (n/a) | 26.3 | n/a | - | + |
| 60 | Suzuki, 2020 [78] | Cohort | 185 | Advanced urothelial cancer | 70.0 (64.0–76.0) |
68.0 | 12 | 71.9 | 14.9 (n/a) | - | - |
| 61 | Tsai, 2014 [79] | Cohort | 522 | Advanced cancer; various cancer types |
60.6 ± 13.2 | 61.7 | 6 | 91.8 | n/a | - | - |
| 62 | Tripodoro, 2019 [80] |
Cohort | 317 | Various cancer types, stage III or IV | 77.0 (21.0–99.0) |
33.4 | 24 | 74.8 | 4.0 (n/a) | - | - |
| 63 | Ueno, 2000 [81] | Cohort | 103 | Metastatic pancreatic cancer | 62.0 (42.0–75.0) |
68.0 | 12 | 94.4 | 3.2 (n/a) | + | - |
| 64 | van der Linden, 2005 [82] | RCT | 342 | Spinal metastases; various cancer types |
66.0 (34.0–90.0) |
53.0 | 24 | 75.0 | 11.0 (10.0–12.0) |
- | - |
| 65 | Vigano, 2000 [83] | Cohort | 227 | Inoperable, recurrent, progressive or metastatic cancer; various cancer types |
62.0 (29.0–92.0) |
36.1 | 20 | 91.6 | 5.8 (n/a) | + | - |
| 66 | Villa, 2011 [84] | Cohort | 285 | Newly-diagnosed brain metastases; various cancer types |
62.0 (20.0–90.0) |
n/a | 12 | 82.4 | n/a | + | + |
| 67 | Wei, 2019 [85] | Cohort | 71 | Pneumonic-type adenocarcinoma, 90% with stage IIIB or IV | 62.0 (25.0–91.0) |
45.1 | 6 | 84.5 | 7.5 (1.0–42.0) |
+ | - |
| 68 | Yamashita, 2011 [86] |
Cohort | 85 | Spinal metastases; various cancer types |
60.3 ± 11.6 | 51.8 | 12 | 51.8 | n/a | - | - |
H: high risk-of-bias; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; L: low risk-of-bias; M: moderate risk-of-bias; N: number of patients; n/a: not available; NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; PPS: Palliative Performance Scale; RCT: randomized controlled trial; SCLC: small cell lung cancer; TACE: trans arterial chemoembolization; UICC: Union Internationale Contre le Cancer.