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. 2022 Jan 15;12(1):138. doi: 10.3390/biom12010138

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Molecular effects exerted by lipopolysaccharides on dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). Figure summarizes results from studies conducted on DPSCs, regardless of LPS origin. The main pathway is TLR/MyD88/NF-κB. This pathway is marked with thick blue arrows. Its activation increases interleukins production and odontoblastic differentiation. The last one is also mediated by Wnt4/5 pathways. LPS stimulation also causes expression of membranous CD44 and CD146. Variety of different pathways and particles activated in LPS-treated cells are presented in both deep blue brackets and by protein images with their names. Black arrows represent positive stimulation, dashed arrows show indirect activation, red ones—inhibition, green—translocation to another cell compartment. Created with BioRender.com 7 December 2020.