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Incisions and position of the instruments: a small muscle-sparing thoracic incision is performed at the eighth intercostal space. Three 5-mm ports on the anterior axillary line between the fourth and the eighth intercostal spaces are inserted, at the same level as the vertebral defects as confirmed by fluoroscopy; one 10-mm port for a 30° camera is placed medially to the minithoracotomy.
