Table 4.
Crude and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI) from logistic regression models exploring the association of overweight with diet-related behaviours and habits among 1898 school-aged boys and 1918 school-aged girls participants in the 2018 Greek arm of the HBSC study *.
| BOYS (n = 1898) | GIRLS (n = 1918) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude Model | Fully Adjusted Model | Crude Model | Fully Adjusted Model | |||||
| Variables | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | aOR (95% CI) | P-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | aOR (95% CI) | p-Value |
| Eating breakfast on weekdays | ||||||||
| Never | 1.38 (1.09–1.76) | 0.008 | 1.22 (0.93–1.59) | 0.150 | 1.48 (1.12–1.95) | 0.006 | 1.47 (1.09–1.98) | 0.011 |
| 1–4 days | 1.01 (0.78–1.30) | 0.960 | 0.94 (0.72–1.23) | 0.639 | 1.30 (0.97–1.74) | 0.083 | 1.22 (0.88–1.71) | 0.235 |
| Always (5 days) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Family meals | ||||||||
| Every day | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Almost every day | 0.97 (0.77–1.22) | 0.807 | 1.02 (0.80–1.30) | 0.884 | 0.93 (0.69–1.24) | 0.602 | 0.89 (0.64–1.23) | 0.464 |
| Rarely | 1.49 (1.14–1.96) | 0.004 | 1.42 (1.05–1.91) | 0.023 | 1.04 (0.76–1.43) | 0.795 | 1.01 (0.71–1.44) | 0.964 |
| Total score for behaviour of Eating snacks/meals in front of screens (TV/PC/tablet) | 0.96 (0.90–1.03) | 0.224 | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) | 0.276 | 1.11 (1.04–1.20) | 0.003 | 1.12 (1.03–1.22) | 0.011 |
| Eating in fast-food restaurants | ||||||||
| Never | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Less than once/month | 1.18 (0.75–1.86) | 0.464 | 1.44 (0.87–2.39) | 0.158 | 1.21 (0.67–2.17) | 0.528 | 1.07 (0.56–2.03) | 0.839 |
| 1–3 days/month | 1.08 (0.69–1.67) | 0.748 | 1.35 (0.81–2.25) | 0.240 | 0.92 (0.53–1.61) | 0.778 | 0.71 (0.38–1.32) | 0.276 |
| Weekly | 0.96 (0.60–1.54) | 0.871 | 1.23 (0.71–2.13) | 0.457 | 0.91 (0.50–1.66) | 0.764 | 0.71 (0.35–1.43) | 0.340 |
| Fruits intake | ||||||||
| Less than once/week | 1.52 (1.03–2.26) | 0.035 | 1.48 (0.93–2.35) | 0.096 | 0.95 (0.53–1.69) | 0.865 | 0.89 (0.48–1.65) | 0.711 |
| 1–4 days/week | 1.03 (0.81–1.30) | 0.834 | 1.02 (0.77–1.35) | 0.900 | 1.34 (1.02–1.75) | 0.033 | 1.23 (0.90–1.68) | 0.196 |
| 5–6 days/week | 0.75 (0.57–0.99) | 0.049 | 0.76 (0.56–1.05) | 0.091 | 1.36 (0.95–1.94) | 0.090 | 1.30 (0.89–1.90) | 0.171 |
| Every day | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Vegetables intake | ||||||||
| Less than once/week | 1.05 (0.75–1.46) | 0.795 | 0.81 (0.55–1.20) | 0.303 | 1.19 (0.75–1.89) | 0.456 | 1.13 (0.67–1.90) | 0.658 |
| 1–4 days/week | 0.90 (0.71–1.15) | 0.397 | 0.83 (0.62–1.10) | 0.185 | 1.24 (0.92–1.66) | 0.155 | 1.25 (0.89–1.77) | 0.200 |
| 5–6 days/week | 0.80 (0.61–1.04) | 0.098 | 0.81 (0.61–1.08) | 0.147 | 1.15 (0.81–1.64) | 0.419 | 1.26 (0.87–1.82) | 0.227 |
| Every day | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Sweets intake | ||||||||
| Less than once/week | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| 1–4 days/week | 0.92 (0.72–1.17) | 0.476 | 0.99 (0.75–1.31) | 0.945 | 1.04 (0.73–1.48) | 0.832 | 1.20 (0.79–1.82) | 0.386 |
| 5–6 days/week | 0.78 (0.56–1.09) | 0.149 | 0.98 (0.67–1.45) | 0.933 | 1.11 (0.71–1.74) | 0.640 | 1.52 (0.89–2.61) | 0.126 |
| Every day | 0.72 (0.51–1.02) | 0.068 | 0.77 (0.50–1.17) | 0.221 | 0.77 (0.49–1.20) | 0.252 | 1.04 (0.62–1.74) | 0.881 |
| Sugar-sweetened beverage intake | ||||||||
| Less than once/week | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| 1–4 days/week | 0.95 (0.77–1.18) | 0.650 | 0.96 (0.76–1.21) | 0.723 | 1.30 (1.01–1.66) | 0.041 | 1.23 (0.93–1.64) | 0.148 |
| >5 days/week | 1.08 (0.77–1.51) | 0.648 | 1.18 (0.79–1.75) | 0.423 | 1.20 (0.77–1.85) | 0.415 | 1.07 (0.64–1.80) | 0.784 |
| Being on a diet or doing something else to lose weight | ||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Yes | 4.18 (3.18–5.48) | <0.001 | 4.32 (3.25–5.74) | <0.001 | 3.87 (2.94–5.09) | <0.001 | 5.39 (4.00–7.25) | <0.001 |
| Age group | ||||||||
| 11-year-olds | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| 13-year-olds | 0.84 (0.65–1.08) | 0.170 | 0.85 (0.63–1.13) | 0.255 | 0.93 (0.71–1.23) | 0.623 | 0.73 (0.54–0.98) | 0.039 |
| 15-year-olds | 0.92 (0.69–1.21) | 0.549 | 0.86 (0.63–1.18) | 0.356 | 0.55 (0.40–0.76) | <0.001 | 0.36 (0.26–0.52) | <0.001 |
| Family Affluence scale (FAS) | ||||||||
| Low 20% affluence | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Middle 60% affluence | 0.70 (0.54–0.92) | 0.011 | 0.72 (0.54–0.98) | 0.037 | 0.51 (0.37–0.70) | <0.001 | 0.50 (0.35–0.71) | <0.001 |
| High 20% affluence | 0.67 (0.49–0.91) | 0.012 | 0.78 (0.55–1.11) | 0.168 | 0.38 (0.25–0.58) | <0.001 | 0.35 (0.22–0.56) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity (past 7 days) | ||||||||
| 0–1 days | 2.21 (1.59–3.05) | <0.001 | 2.20 (1.53–3.16) | <0.001 | 2.02 (1.30–3.14) | 0.002 | 3.14 (1.86–5.28) | <0.001 |
| 2–3 days | 2.06 (1.58–2.69) | <0.001 | 2.11 (1.60–2.78) | <0.001 | 1.71 (1.19–2.46) | 0.004 | 1.89 (1.28–2.81) | 0.002 |
| 4–5 days | 1.26 (0.95–1.68) | 0.105 | 1.33 (1.00–1.78) | 0.051 | 1.48 (1.00–2.19) | 0.052 | 1.58 (1.05–2.37) | 0.029 |
| 6–7 days | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Abbreviations: HBSC study, Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children study; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. * Based on imputed data, Crude model: univariate model, Fully adjusted model: included all diet-related behaviours and dietary variables simultaneously adjusted for sociodemographic variables (age category, FAS), physical activity and dieting.