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Proposed biosynthetic pathway for flavanones and flavones in papyrus. PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; TAL, tyrosine ammonia-lyase; C4H, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; 4CL, 4-coumarate:CoA ligase; CHS, chalcone synthase; CHI: chalcone isomerase; FNSII: flavone synthase II; F3′H: flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase; FOMT: flavonoid O-methyltransferase; C5′H: crysoeriol 5′-hydroxylase. The structures of flavonoids found incorporated into the papyrus lignin are colored in red.
