Table 1.

Risk factors predisposing the development of contrast-induced nephropathy. Risk factors for contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) can be divided into patient-related and procedure-related risk factors. Some patient-related risk factors such as volume depletion and using nephrotoxic medications are modifiable. With regard to procedure-related risk factors, the risk of CIN varies according to type, volume, and route of CM administration. Atheroembolism related to catheter manipulation and repeated CM administration also poses an increased risk of CIN. CM, contrast media.

Patient-Related

Impaired renal function Diabetes mellitus Effective intravascular volume depletion: dehydration, blood loss, congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, nephrosis Advanced age Female gender Cardiovascular disease including hypertension Malignancy Inflammation Anemia Hyperuricemia Nephrotoxic medications: diuretics, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, antiviral drugs such as acyclovir, cyclosporine A, cisplatin

Procedure-Related

Route of CM administration: intra-arterial vs. intravenous administration Type of procedure: catheter-based procedure Type of CM Volume of CM Repeated CM administration within 24–72 h