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Network architecture design used in [103,104]: (a) In [103], the poor classification results from the selection network are used to filter unnecessary data, and the remains are used to fine-tune VGG16, which detects the lesion; (b) In [104], various neural networks are followed by KNN or the artificial neural network (ANN) for DR stage classifications. The CNN and YOLO architectures are used for lesion classification, and the YOLO localizes the lesions as well.
