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. 2022 Jan 6;12(1):124. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics12010124

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Assessing faecal microbiome diversity and composition as a biomarker of response and toxicity. Depiction of the interaction between the gut microbiome, immune cells and the tumour microenvironment. Cytokines released from activated immune cells promote tumour killing. Targeted PCR and next generation sequencing of microbiome samples can be used to assess microbiome diversity, which may predict response to immune checkpoint inhibition. Mφ = macrophage; IFNγ = interferon gamma; PCR = polymerase chain reaction; NGS = next generation sequencing.