Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants
| Total | White | Black | Latinx | Another race | P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
| Age | |||||||||||
| 70–74 | 243 | 36 | 128 | 36.8 | 52 | 30.5 | 30 | 35.6 | 26 | 38.8 | 0.03 |
| 75–79 | 193 | 26.1 | 89 | 21.5 | 55 | 28.4 | 30 | 38.4 | 15 | 21.9 | |
| 80–84 | 124 | 17.4 | 58 | 14.5 | 33 | 19.2 | 14 | 13.3 | 16 | 27.9 | |
| 85–89 | 77 | 14.2 | 51 | 17.7 | 15 | 17.8 | 5 | 8.6 | 5 | 7.6 | |
| 90 + | 39 | 6.3 | 28 | 9.5 | 5 | 4.1 | 3 | 4.2 | 3 | 3.9 | |
| Mean age | 78.4 | 78.8 | 78.9 | 77.4 | 77.7 | ||||||
| Median age | 76.6 | 76.7 | 77.5 | 76.2 | 75.5 | ||||||
| 70–79 | 62.1 | 58.3 | 58.9 | 73.9 | 60.7 | ||||||
| 80 + | 37.9 | 41.7 | 41.1 | 26.1 | 39.3 | ||||||
| Race and ethnicity | |||||||||||
| White | 354 | 45 | |||||||||
| Black | 160 | 21.3 | |||||||||
| Latinx | 82 | 20 | |||||||||
| Another Race | 65 | 13.8 | |||||||||
| Gender | |||||||||||
| Male | 202 | 40 | 119 | 43.7 | 40 | 34.9 | 21 | 36.1 | 18 | 35.6 | 0.47 |
| Female | 470 | 60 | 233 | 56.3 | 120 | 65.1 | 61 | 63.9 | 46 | 64.4 | |
| Borough | |||||||||||
| Bronx | 108 | 13.9 | 27 | 7.5 | 43 | 17.9 | 27 | 28.4 | 7 | 7.6 | |
| Brooklyn | 160 | 28.2 | 76 | 24.9 | 55 | 47.2 | 12 | 20 | 13 | 20.5 | |
| Manhattan | 203 | 22.6 | 133 | 29.7 | 31 | 12.3 | 23 | 26 | 14 | 14.6 | |
| Queens | 165 | 28.8 | 86 | 25.9 | 31 | 22.6 | 19 | 24.8 | 26 | 50.7 | |
| Staten Island | 40 | 6.5 | 32 | 12 | 0 | 1 | 0.8 | 5 | 6.6 | ||
| Marital status | |||||||||||
| Married or living together | 196 | 43.9 | 113 | 44.3 | 32 | 36.4 | 26 | 43 | 19 | 48.5 | 0.14 |
| Divorced | 117 | 15.1 | 53 | 13.7 | 33 | 17.9 | 15 | 17.3 | 12 | 13.8 | |
| Widowed | 210 | 22.6 | 108 | 23.4 | 55 | 26.1 | 21 | 18.4 | 24 | 24.7 | |
| Separated | 19 | 2.6 | 3 | 0.6 | 7 | 3.5 | 6 | 6.7 | 1 | 0.9 | |
| Never married | 132 | 15.7 | 76 | 18 | 33 | 16.2 | 13 | 14.6 | 9 | 12.1 | |
| Household income | |||||||||||
| Less than $25 k | 177 | 35.3 | 53 | 18.3 | 53 | 33.9 | 44 | 64.4 | 22 | 45.8 | <0.0001 |
| $25 k to less than $50 k | 151 | 28.5 | 78 | 29.9 | 45 | 38.1 | 14 | 21.5 | 12 | 19.9 | |
| $50 k to less than $100 k | 130 | 21.5 | 79 | 26 | 28 | 21.3 | 9 | 12 | 11 | 22.5 | |
| More than $100 k | 84 | 14.6 | 70 | 25.8 | 7 | 6.6 | 2 | 2.1 | 5 | 11.8 | |
| Co-existing health conditions | |||||||||||
| None | 94 | 15.5 | 54 | 16.7 | 16 | 10.9 | 9 | 11.4 | 12 | 21.3 | 0.44 |
| One | 137 | 21.2 | 77 | 19.9 | 31 | 20.1 | 16 | 27.7 | 11 | 21.2 | |
| Two or more | 445 | 63.3 | 223 | 63.5 | 113 | 69 | 57 | 60.9 | 42 | 57.5 | |
| Immigration status | |||||||||||
| Born in another country | 204 | 47.7 | 56 | 27.4 | 58 | 53.8 | 48 | 69.9 | 39 | 75.7 | <0.0001 |
| Born in the US | 472 | 52.3 | 298 | 72.6 | 102 | 46.2 | 34 | 30.1 | 26 | 24.3 | |
| Education | |||||||||||
| Less than high school | 46 | 9.3 | 4 | 2.2 | 16 | 11 | 23 | 27.5 | 3 | 5.2 | <0.0001 |
| High school diploma/GED | 173 | 28.5 | 66 | 22.4 | 58 | 31.2 | 27 | 35.6 | 18 | 33.5 | |
| Some college/University | 116 | 17.3 | 61 | 16.6 | 26 | 18.7 | 19 | 22.2 | 8 | 10.4 | |
| College/University degree | 335 | 44.9 | 221 | 58.7 | 59 | 39.1 | 12 | 14.7 | 34 | 51 | |
| General health rating | |||||||||||
| Excellent | 67 | 9.3 | 39 | 10.3 | 12 | 7.1 | 7 | 8.9 | 8 | 11.4 | 0.53 |
| Very Good | 193 | 28.5 | 116 | 30.4 | 43 | 31.6 | 16 | 22.6 | 13 | 24.2 | |
| Good | 245 | 38.3 | 125 | 37.9 | 60 | 37.3 | 26 | 36.4 | 26 | 41.6 | |
| Fair | 129 | 18.4 | 63 | 18.5 | 33 | 17.7 | 23 | 23.7 | 9 | 13.2 | |
| Poor | 39 | 5.5 | 9 | 2.8 | 12 | 6.4 | 10 | 8.4 | 8 | 9.6 | |
| Multi-generational household | |||||||||||
| Yes | 128 | 38.4 | 32 | 24 | 50 | 56.3 | 25 | 43.7 | 21 | 51.6 | <0.01 |
| No | 180 | 61.6 | 106 | 76 | 27 | 43.7 | 25 | 56.3 | 15 | 48.4 | |
| Employment status | |||||||||||
| Currently working | 77 | 10.1 | 53 | 13.2 | 8 | 5.6 | 7 | 7.1 | 7 | 12.2 | 0.1642 |
| Not currently working | 596 | 89.9 | 298 | 86.8 | 152 | 94.4 | 75 | 92.9 | 58 | 87.8 | |