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. 2022 Jan 7;8(1):46. doi: 10.3390/gels8010046

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic illustration of common zwitterionic polymers and their antifouling properties. (a) Structure of zwitterionic polymers. (b) Antifouling property of polybetaine with an anionic terminal group. (c) Antifouling property of polyphosphorylcholine with cationic terminal group. (d) Antifouling property of polyampholytes with strictly alternating charges. (e) Antifouling property of polyampholytes with continuously arranged charge in a monovalent ionic solution. (f) Antifouling property of polyampholytes with continuously arranged charge in a multivalent ionic solution.