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. 2022 Jan 7;8(1):46. doi: 10.3390/gels8010046

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Methods to strengthen zwitterionic hydrogel. (a) Formation of zwitterionic-elastic-network (ZEN) with 1st PCBAA network and 2nd PSBMA network. Strong dipole–dipole interaction between SB units acted as physical crosslinking joints during load exertion to strengthen hydrogel. Reproduced with permission from [47]. Copyright 2021 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. (b) Preparation of double network (DN) with alginate-Ca²⁺ network and PCBAA network. Reproduced with permission from [51]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (c) Zwitterionic molecule redesign with the π-π stacking between the triazole rings to strengthen hydrogel. Reproduced with permission from [57]. Copyright 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (d) Copolymerization of SBMA, cationic monomer (DAC), and HEMA with reversible ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds to strengthen hydrogel. Reproduced with permission from [60]. Copyright 2020 Wiley-VCH GmbH.