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. 2022 Jan 7;8(1):46. doi: 10.3390/gels8010046

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Zwitterionic fusion induced time-independent self-healing. (a) Healing behaviors of single-charged, non-ionic, and zwitterionic hydrogels. For hydrogels prepared by single-charged monomers, charge barrier hindered self-healing on neutral conditions. For hydrogels prepared by non-ionic monomers, hydrophobic barrier formation in a short time, which determined potential time interval to self-healing. (b) Chemical structure of single-charged anionic 7-acrylamidoheptanoate acid (AAS), non-ionic hydroxyhexylacrylamide (AAN), and zwitterionic CBAA (AAZ). (c) The tensile strength of different hydrogels. AAS hydrogels fractured and showed no self-healing behavior. AAN hydrogels could only self-healing after being cut within 1 min. AAZ hydrogels self-healed and kept original tensile strength even the cut pieces were separated for 24 h. Reproduced with permission from [69]. Copyright 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.