Table 2.

Functional components of cereal processing by-products and health properties (remade from [5]).

Cereal	By-Product	Target Functional Compounds	Health Properties	Examples
Rice	Bran, husk	Vitamins, proteins, dietary fiber, oil	Vitamins possess antioxidant activities, proteins show hypoallergenic properties, fiber prevents cardiovascular diseases	Rice bran contains 179–389 mg tocopherols and tocotrienols (Vitamin E compounds)/kg [5]
Corn	Bran, germ	Oil, insoluble dietary fiber	Oil reduces cholesterol levels, fiber prevents cardiovascular diseases	Corn kernels, bran and fiber contain 98–113 mg, 10.4–15.3 mg and 38–84 mg of ferulate phytosterol esters/kg, respectively [23]
Sorghum and millet	Bran	Phenolic compounds, phytosterols and policosanons	Phenolic compounds possess antioxidant properties, phytosterols and policosanons reduce cholesterol levels	Due to the high policosanol content, sorghum dry distiller grain hexane extracts significantly reduced cholesterol absorption by up to 17% and non-HDL plasma cholesterol by up to 70% in animal models [24]
Oat	Bran, oat mill waste	Soluble dietary fiber, β-glucan	Dietary fiber contributes to an increase in fecal bulk, β-glucan has been shown to reduce blood cholesterol	Oat bran contains at least 5.5% of β-glucan per dry mater and a total dietary fiber content of 16.0% dry matter [5]
Wheat	Bran, germ	Fiber, arabinoxylans	Bran fiber contributes to an acceleration of intestinal transit, and an increase in fecal bulk. Arabinoxylans contribute to a reduction of glucose level in the blood	Arabinoxylans are accounting for 10.9–26.0% of dry matter of bran. Health benefits of arabinoxylans are attributed to their prebiotic effects for obesity and other metabolic malfunctions, and ability to lower blood cholesterol and the post-prandial glycemic response [25]
Rye	Bran	Fiber, arabinoxylans, phytosterols	Dietary fiber contributes to normal bowel function. Arabinoxylans contribute to a reduction of glucose level in the blood	Phytosterol content in rye is 700–100 µg/g [26]. Daily doses of 1–3 g of plant sterols can reduce blood cholesterol in humans [5]
Barley	Spent grains	Dietary fiber, β-glucan	β-glucan contributes to the reduction of the blood glucose rise after meal, dietary fiber reduces cholesterol levels	Total phytosterols in barley oils (0.18–1.44 g/15 g oil) are able to significantly lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol at reasonable dosages of 15 mL/d (1 tablespoon/d) [27]