Table 1.

Characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review.

Author (Year)	Country	Participants	Measuring Instruments	Key Findings
Addison and Luparell (2014) [20]	United States	57 nurses (M = 54 and F = 31)	The questionnaire consists of 21 questions (Dr. Alan Rosenstein’s questionnaire)	Nurses perceived that disruptive behavior is linked to adverse events and may also have a negative impact on patient safety and satisfaction.
Elhoseny and Adel (2016) [21]	Egypt	120 Physicians (M = 89 and F = 31)	A self-administered questionnaire of 16 questions based on the ACPE and QuantiaMD Survey	98.3% of respondents reported that disruptive behavior affects patient care. The most frequent behavior was the refusal to cooperate with other providers (74.2%), with 35% of the interviewees.
Havaei; Astivia and McaPhe (2020) [22]	Canada	537 medical-surgical nurses (M = 26 and F = 506)	A series of four workplace violence items were adapted	Burnout, a psychological response to workplace violence, increased nurses’ reports of musculoskeletal injuries, anxiety disorders, and sleep disturbances.
Keller et al. (2018) [23]	United States	1208 nurses (M = 206 and 1102)	22 multi-item scales that were drawn from existing valid and reliable instruments	One individual (marital status) and three workplaces (setting, schedule, and role) characteristics, as well as one dispositional (negative affectivity), one contextual (organizational constraint), and two interpersonal (distributive justice and workgroup cohesion) factors, were significant predictors of RNs’ experiences of verbal abuse by RN colleagues.
Liut et al. (2021) [24]	China	1481 nurses (M = 116 and F = 1365)	The Workplace Psychological Violent Behaviors instrument	Chinese surgical nurses reported a high prevalence of WPV (92.1%), which is substantially higher than that seen in other departments in China.
Maddineshat et al. (2016) [25]	Iran	45 physicians e 110 nurses	A translated and modified 25-item questionnaire	81% of physicians and 52% of nurses exhibited disruptive behavior. It was observed that these behaviors result in stress (97%), job dissatisfaction and compromised patient safety (53%), quality of care (72%) and errors (70%).
Rehder et al. (2020) [26]	United States	7.293 health care workers (M = 1658 and F = 5.906)	Disruptive Behavior Scale (6 items)	Significant correlations of disruptive behaviors with a worse teamwork climate, safety climate, job satisfaction and management of perceptions were detected; a lower balance between work and personal life; increased emotional exhaustion; and increased depression.
Riskin et al. (2019) [27]	Israel	160 medical professionals	A Likert scale was utilized (1 = not much to 5 = extremely) with six questions	Exposure to rudeness is not only associated with increased state depletion and decreased information sharing among team members, but it may put patients’ safety at risk given its association with reduced compliance with infection control and medication protocols.
Small; Porterfield and Gordon (2015) [28]	United States	2821 nurses (M = 276 and F = 2512)	21 web-based questions were utilized to assess disruptive behaviors	Most participants reported that the work environment presented a high risk for the occurrence of at least one disruptive behavior every 6 months.
Stecker and Stecker (2014) [29]	United States	617 nurses (M = 75 and F = 542)	The Provider Conflict Questionnaire and the Perceived Stress Scale	The importance of workplace stress is emphasized by the fact that more than 78% of the respondents in our study felt that most of their stress came from work rather than home.
VillaFranca et al. (2019) [30]	Canada	7465 anesthesiologists, nurses, surgeons, senior medical students and technicians (M = 3836 and F = 3629)	14 examples of disruptive behaviors were measured in a Likert scale of 7 points	Nearly all respondents reported experiencing or witnessing multiple examples of disruptive behavior, with an average respondent observing between 12 and 61 events within the preceding year.
Warshawski (2015) [31]	Israel	262 nurses	A structured questionnaire	Nurses in this sample reported a high sense of professional threat maybe as a result of an ongoing lack of collaboration with other team members.