Axonal stretching from DRG explants. Image showing neurons from DRG explants cultured on a stationary substrate (SS) and a mobile towing substrate (TS). Neurons cultured on both SS and TS when exposed to controlled stretching force yielded axons with bi-directional polarity (A), while neurons cultured exclusively on TS yielded axons with unidirectional polarity (B). Scale bar = 2 mm (reproduced with permission from Bryan J. Pfister, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA. Journal of Neurotrauma, 28 (11), 2011, 2389–2403, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.).