Table 2.
Changes in the potential blood biomarkers for PSCI.
| Category | Level | Potential Biomarkers |
|---|---|---|
| Blood and vascular functions | Increase | D-dimer, Hcy, endostatin, fibrinogen, VCAM-1 |
| No change | Direct bilirubin, fibrinogen, Hcy, indirect bilirubin, total bilirubin, tissue plasminogen activator, vitamin B12, VEGF, von Willebrand factor, thrombin-antithrombin | |
| Inflammatory and immune functions | Increase | esRAGE, hs-CRP (CRP), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-6, kynurenine, MMP-9, phospholipase A2, quinolinic acid, RF, sRAGE, semicarbazide-sensitive amino oxidase, TIMP-1, TMAO, TNF-α, kynurenine/tryptophan ratio, quinolinic acid/kynurenic acid ratio |
| Decrease | BChE, hs-CRP (CRP), sRAGE | |
| No change | aCL GPL, aPS GPS, β2-GPI, complement component 3, hs-CPR (CRP), kynurenic acid, Lp-PLA2 mass, tryptophan, IFN-γ, IL-1 RA, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 | |
| Metabolic function | Increase | FBG, HbA1c, HDL-C, LDL-C, non-HDL-C, TC, TG |
| Decrease | Betaine, TC levels | |
| No change | FBG, glucose, HbA1c, HDL-C, HGF, LDL-C, TC, TG, IGF-1 | |
| Neuronal function | Increase | BACE1, neprilysin, NfL |
| Decrease | BDNF, Aβ42, Aβ42/Aβ40, NfL | |
| No change | S100B, Aβ42, Aβ40, AChE, neprilysin | |
| Kidney function | Increase | Cystatin C, uric acid |
| Decrease | eGFR, uric acid | |
| No change | Creatinine, uric acid, urea N | |
| Oxidative stress | Increase | 8-OHdG, D-amino acid oxidase, malondialdehyde |
| Hormone | Increase | NT-proBNP, cortisol |
| Decrease | 25(OH)D, FT4, T3 | |
| No change | Cortisol/DS ratio, DS, FT3, NT-proBNP, T4, TSH | |
| Others | Decrease | Choline, formaldehyde, NO−2 |
| No change | Ca, folic acid, TMAO, retinoic acid |
25(OH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxydeoxyquanosine, aCL GPL: anticardiolipin antibodies, IgG anticar-diolipin antibodies units, aPS GPS: anti-phosphatidylserine antibodies, IgG antiphosphatidylserine antibodies units, Aβ40: amyloid β 40, Aβ42: amyloid β 42, β2-GPI: beta(2)-glycoprotein 1-dependent anticardiolipin antibodies, BACE: β-secretase enzyme, BChE: butyrylcholinesterase, BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor, CDR: clinical dementia rating, CRP: C-reactive protein, DS: dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, esRAGE: endogenous secretory RAGE, FBG: fasting blood glucose, FT3: free triiodothyroinine, FT4: free thyroxin, HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin, Hcy: homocysteine, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HGF: hepatocyte growth factor, hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, IFN-γ: interferon-gamma, IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor-1, IL-1 RA: interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, IL-10: interleukin-10, IL-1β: interleukin-1 beta, IL-6: interleukin-6, IL-8: interleukin-8, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Lp-PLA2: lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, MMP-9: matrix metalloproteinase-9, MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination, MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment, NfL: neurofilament light, NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide, PSCI: post-stroke cognitive impairment, RF: rheumatoid factor, sRAGE: soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products, T3: triiodothyronine, T4: thyroxin, TC: total cholesterol, TG: triglyceride, tHcy: total homocysteine, TIMP-1: tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-1, TMAO: trimethylamine N-oxide, TNFα: tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TSH: thyrotropin, VB12: vitamin B12, VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.