TABLE 8.
Risk factors for infections caused by resistant E. coli strains
| Characteristic of risk factor | Pena et al. (31) | Ena et al. (13) | Allen et al. (1) | Garau et al. (17) | Lepelletier et al. (27) | De Mouy et al. (10) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country, period of study (type of study) | Spain, 1988–1992 (prospective) | Spain, 1990–1992 (retrospective) | Canada, 1992–1994 (retrospective) | Spain, 1992–1997 (retrospective) | France, 1996 (prospective) | France, 1998 (prospective) |
| Population | Hospitalized adults | Hospitalized NRa | Hospitalized and outpatient children | Hospitalized NR | Hospitalized NR | Outpatients, all ages |
| Antibiotic(s) studied | Ciprofloxacin | Ciprofloxacin | SXT | Ciprofloxacin | Panelb | Panelc |
| Infection studied | Bacteremia | UTI | UTI | Bacteremia | All isolates | UTI |
| Risk factors studied | ||||||
| Age | Yes | Yes (>65 yr)de | Yes (2–6 yr)de | Yes (>65 yr)d | Yes | Yes |
| Sex | Yes | Yes (men)d | Yes | Yes (men with UTI)d | Yes | Yes |
| Chronic underlying disease | Yesd | Yesd | Yesd | Yesd | Yes | No |
| Genitourinary tract disorder | No | Yesde | Yesde | No | No | No |
| Nosocomial acquisition | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | |
| Unit of hospitalization | No | Yesf | No | No | Yes | |
| Source of infection | Yes (tract urinary)d | Yes (origin unknown)d | Yes | |||
| Complicated UTI | No | Yesd | Yes | Yesd | No | No |
| Urinary catheter | Yes | Yesge | No | Yesde | Yes | Yesh |
| Immunosuppressive drugs | Yes | No | No | No | Yesdi | No |
| Prior hospitalization | No | No | Yes (<1 yr)de | No | No | Yes (≤6 mo)j |
| Prior UTI | No | Yes (duration NR) | No | No | No | Yes (≤6 mo)k |
| Prior urinary catheter | No | No | No | No | No | Yes (≤7 days)h |
| Prior surgeryh | Yes (≤1 mo)d | Yes (≤1 mo) | No | Yes (duration NR) | Yes (≤1 mo) | No |
| Prior antibiotic use | Yes (≤6 mo)g | Yes (≤1 mo) | Yes (≤6 mo)d, e | Yes (≤3 mo)de | Yes (≤1 mo)i | Yes (≤6 mo)k |
| Prior quinolone use | Yes (≤6 mo)de | Yes (≤1 mo)de | Yes (≤3 mo)de | Yes (≤1 mo)d | No |
NR, not reported.
Antibiotics tested were AMZ, AMX, ticarcillin, cephalothin, ceftazidime, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin, nitrofurantoin, and SXT.
Antibiotics tested were AMZ, AMC, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and SXT.
Significant by univariate analysis.
Significant by multivariate analysis.
Univariate analysis indicates significant association of resistance with patient hospitalization in urology and other than general medicine units.
Trend toward significance by univariate analysis.
Risk factor significantly associated with resistance to AMZ and nalidixic acid by univariate analysis.
Risk factor significantly associated with resistance to at least one antibiotic of the panel by univariate analysis.
Risk factor significantly associated with resistance to all antibiotics tested except AMC by univariate analysis.
Risk factor significantly associated with resistance to all antibiotics tested except gentamicin by univariate analysis.