Table 1.
The strategy of modified EcN in the treatment of diseases.
| Strategy | Mechanisms | Functions/Benefits | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Express direct therapeutic factors | express HlyE | the cytotoxicity of released HlyE | against tumors | [192] |
| express Tum-5 | the anti-angiogenesis effects of released Tum-5 | against tumors | [193] | |
| express azurin | azurin selectively kills cancer cells | against tumors | [194] | |
| express colibactin | the cytotoxicity of released colibactin | against tumors | [45] | |
| express glidobactin | the cytotoxicity of released glidobactin | against tumors | [45] | |
| express luminmide | the cytotoxicity of released luminmide | against tumors | [45] | |
| express butyrate | the cytotoxicity of released butyrate | against tumors | [195] | |
| express Sj16 | via Ruminococcaceae/butyrate/retinoic acid axis | against colitis | [196] | |
| express 3HB | regulate gut microbiota, relieve architectural changes, inflammatory cell infiltrations, and epithelial injuries | against colitis | [197] | |
| express autotransporter 43 adhesins antigen | use optogenetics to activate secretion | against colitis/precise spatiotemporal colonization | [198] | |
| express IL-10 | phone visual diagnosis and optogenetics based secretion | against colitis/mobile health service | [199] | |
| express GLP-1 analog | GLP-1 analog diminishes food intake | against obesity | [200] | |
| express N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines | N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines induce satiety | against obesity | [201] | |
| express antimicrobial peptides | antimicrobial peptides target and kill Enterococcus | against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus | [202] | |
| develop a synthetic genetic system | sense and kill Pseudomonas aeruginosa | against Pseudomonas aeruginosa | [203] | |
| express N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines | reduce body weight, liver inflammation, fibrosis and atherosclerotic necrosis | against cardiovascular metabolic disease | [204] | |
| express PQQ and other metabolizing enzymes | relieve oxidative stress | against heavy metal toxicity/iron deficiency/fructose-induced dyslipidemia/hyperglycemia/hepatic steatosis | [205,206,207] | |
| express l-arg biosynthetic enzyme | exhausts ammonia for L-arginine biosynthesis | against hyperammonemia | [208] | |
| express phenylalanine ammonia lyase and L-amino acid deaminase | consume phenylalanine within the gastrointestinal tract | against PKU | [209] | |
| Express adjuvant therapeutic factors | express 5-ALA | 5-ALA contributes to photodynamic therapy | against cancer | [210] |
| express CAT | increase the production of O2 contributing to radiotherapy | against cancer | [211] | |
| produce high local concentrations of arginine | the enhancement on T-cell anti-tumor activity of L-arginine in tumors | against cancer | [212] | |
| express cholera autoinducer 1 | use the qurom sensing of bacteria | against Vibrio cholerae | [213,214] | |
| Targeted delivery system | connect therapeutic promicelle polymers on bacteria | connection material responsively to acidic tumor microenvironment to release drug | against cancer | [215,216] |
| secrete curli-fused healing bio-signature | curli fibers bind firmly to inflammation site and transport therapeutic factors | against colitis | [217,218] | |
| use EcN-GBs as an adjuvant | induce cellular immune responses | against LLC | [219] | |
| EcN-GBs load Epothilones | the cytotoxicity of released Epothilones | against cancer | [220] | |
| modified EcN-GBs temporal and spatial release of contained drugs | using photothermal effect of nanorods to modulate release | release modulation | [221] | |
| express chlamydial antigens | induce cellular immune responses | against ocular surface diseases | [222] | |
| display exogenous antigens (ClyA fusion chimera) on the surface of EcN-OMVs | induce cellular immune responses | recombinant subunit vaccines deliver | [223] | |
| express F4 or F18 fimbriae in the surface of EcN | induce cellular immune responses | live vaccine application | [224] | |
| EcN-derived minicells loaded with a low-pH insertion peptide and doxorubicin | greater drug loading and therapeutic index contribute to doxorubicin tumor regression | against cancer | [225] | |