Table 2.
The strategy of modified probiotics or probiotic derivatives in the treatment of diseases.
| Probiotics | Strategy | Mechanisms | Functions/Benefits | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akkermansia muciniphila | OMVS delivery/treatment | regulate inflammation, energy homeostasis, intestinal barrier | against obesity | [230] | |
| OMVS delivery/treatment | activate the AMPK pathway and increase TJ gene expressions | against leaky gut | [231,232] | ||
| OMVS delivery/treatment | regulate inflammation, epithelial stability | against DSS-induced colitis | [233] | ||
| OMVS delivery/treatment | reduce inflammation, reverse the activation of hepatic stellate cells and normalize serum glucose, lipid profiles, liver enzymes | against HFD/CCl4-induced liver fibrosis | [234] | ||
| OMVS delivery/treatment | promote osteogenesis and inhibit osteoclastogenesis | against osteoporosis | [238] | ||
| OMVS delivery/treatment | regulate CD8+ T cells and macrophages | against prostate cancer | [62] | ||
| OMVS delivery/treatment | induce serotonin biosynthesis | promote serotonin | [236] | ||
| Clostridium butyricum | OMVS delivery/treatment | enhance proinflammatory cytokine production | stimulate the immune system | [239] | |
| overexpress epidermal growth factor | activate STAT3 signal pathway and inhibit inflammation | gut protection | [240] | ||
| Bifidobacterium longum | express RhMnSOD | regulate inflammatory cytokines | against DSS-induced colitis | [241] | |
| express α-melanocyte-stimulating hormones | inhibit NF-κB p65 expression | against DSS-induced colitis | [242] | ||
| express interleukin-12 | upregulate the expression of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ and TNF-α) | against coxsackie virus B3-induced myocarditis | [243] | ||
| express oxyntomodulin | reduces food intake, body weight and blood lipid levels | against obesity | [244] | ||
| express GLP-1 | improve the efficiency of glucose control | against type 2 diabetes | [245] | ||
| Lactic acid bacteria | Limosilactobacillus reuteri | express IL-22 | regulate REG3 via STAT3 | against nonalcoholic fatty liver | [246] |
| Limosilactobacillus reuteri | express IL-22 | induce expression of REG3G | against ethanol-induced steatohepatitis | [247] | |
| Lactococcus lactis | express GLP-1 | downregulate TLR4/NF-κB, upregulated the AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway and reverse disturbed microbiota | against Alzheimer/Parkinson | [248] | |
| Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei | express angiotensin | increase beneficial circulating neurotransmitters and reduce neuro-inflammatory gene expression | benefits the gut-brain axis | [249] | |
| Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei | express palmitoylethanolamide | block mucosal immune cell infiltration and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines | against colitis | [250] | |
| Lacticaseibacillus casei | express bovine viral diarrhea virus E2 protein | induce cellular immune responses | against BVDV | [251] | |
| Lacticaseibacillus casei | express antigenic site of TGEV S protein and major antigen site of PEDV S protein | induce cellular immune responses | against TGEV and PEDV | [252,253,254] | |
| Lacticaseibacillus casei | express IPNV protein antigen VP2 | induce cellular immune responses | against IPNV | [255,256] | |
| Lacticaseibacillus casei | express toxoid of Clostridium perfringens α-toxin | induce cellular immune responses | against Clostridium perfringens | [257] | |
| Lacticaseibacillus casei | express the F4 fimbrial adhesin main subunit | induce cellular immune responses | against F4+ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | [258] | |
| Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum | express PEDV S1 protein | induce cellular immune responses | against PEDV | [259] | |
| Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum | express Staphylococcus aureus nontoxic mutated α-hemolysins | induce cellular immune responses | against Staphylococcus aureus | [260] | |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus | express Human CD4 on the surface | capture and neutralize HIV-1 | against HIV-1 | [261] | |