Table 1.
Potential mutation-independent treatments for IRDs which showed preserved cone and/or rod survival in animal models.
| Cellular Process | Method | Model |
|---|---|---|
| Apoptosis | ↓ Calpain |
Cnga3−/− mouse [29] Rd1 mouse [33] |
| Necroptosis | ↓ RIP3 |
Pde6c−/− zebrafish [71] Rd10 mouse [72] Rho S334ter rat [73] |
| Autophagy | ↑ RdCVF |
Rho P23H rat [86] Rd1 and Rho P23H mice [87] |
| ↑ mTOR |
Pde6b−/−, Pde6g−/−, Rho−/−, Rho P23H mice [54] |
|
| Oxidative Stress | ↓ ROS | Rd1 mouse [99,100] |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress |
↓ PKG |
Cnga3−/−Nrl−/− mouse [29] Rd1 and Rd2 mice [112] |
| TUDCA injection |
Lrat−/− mouse [115] Rd10 mouse [116] |
|
| Epigenetic Changes | ↓ HDACs |
Cpfl1 mouse [121,123] Rd1 mouse [120,122] Rd10 mouse [122,123] |
| Immunological Changes |
Müller glia differentiation |
Rho P23H rat [150] Stimulation in healthy mice [153] NMDA retinal damaged mouse [154] |
| Microglia inhibition |
Rd1 mouse [159] Rd10 mouse [159,160] Mutant Mer tyrosine kinase associated retinitis pigmentosa (mutMerTK-RP) rat [161] |
↓ Decrease in expression; ↑ Increase in expression