Table 3.
Path invariance across age, gender, and living place through multigroup structural equation modeling analysis.
| Model and Comparisons | Fit Statistics | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| χ2 (df)/p | ∆χ2 (∆df)/p | CFI | ∆CFI | TLI | ∆TLI | RMSEA | ∆RMSEA | SRMR | ∆SRMR | |
| Gender (males vs. females) | ||||||||||
| M1: Unconstrained | 7.40 (2)/0.02 | - | 0.981 | - | 0.979 | - | 0.032 | - | 0.038 | - |
| M2: Structural weights | 13.65 (7)/0.06 | 6.25 (5)/0.28 | 0.987 | 0.006 | 0.980 | 0.001 | 0.028 | −0.004 | 0.037 | −0.001 |
| M3: Structural covariances | 15.14 (8)/0.06 | 7.74 (6)/0.26 | 0.989 | 0.002 | 0.982 | 0.002 | 0.027 | −0.001 | 0.037 | 0.000 |
| M4: Structural residuals | 18.59 (11)/0.07 | 11.19 (9)/0.26 | 0.991 | 0.002 | 0.985 | 0.003 | 0.024 | −0.003 | 0.035 | −0.002 |
| Age (>35.54 years vs. <35.54 years) | ||||||||||
| M1: Unconstrained | 7.68 (2)/0.02 | - | 0.980 | - | 0.978 | - | 0.033 | - | 0.039 | - |
| M2: Structural weights | 12.81 (7)/0.08 | 5.13 (5)/0.40 | 0.984 | 0.004 | 0.983 | 0.005 | 0.027 | −0.006 | 0.037 | −0.002 |
| M3: Structural covariances | 13.60 (8)/0.09 | 5.92 (6)/0.43 | 0.985 | 0.001 | 0.984 | 0.001 | 0.022 | −0.005 | 0.036 | −0.001 |
| M4: Structural residuals | 17.32 (11)/0.10 | 9.64 (9)/0.38 | 0.988 | 0.003 | 0.986 | 0.002 | 0.019 | −0.003 | 0.033 | −0.003 |
| Living (city vs. rural) | ||||||||||
| M1: Unconstrained | 7.01 (2)/0.03 | - | 0.982 | - | 0.980 | - | 0.030 | - | 0.036 | - |
| M2: Structural weights | 13.81 (7)/0.055 | 6.80 (5)/0.24 | 0.983 | 0.001 | 0.982 | 0.002 | 0.028 | −0.002 | 0.036 | 0.000 |
| M3: Structural covariances | 14.18 (8)/0.08 | 7.17 (6)/0.31 | 0.984 | 0.001 | 0.983 | 0.001 | 0.026 | −0.002 | 0.035 | −0.001 |
| M4: Structural residuals | 16.80 (11)/0.11 | 9.79 (9)/0.37 | 0.989 | 0.005 | 0.987 | 0.004 | 0.024 | −0.002 | 0.030 | −0.005 |
CFI = comparative fit index; TLI = Tucker–Lewis index; RMSEA = root mean square error of approximation; SRMR = standardized root mean square residual.