Figure 2.

Summary of the effects of activity-based physical therapy (ABPT) on the changes in bone mineral density (BMD) at the knee (distal femur and proximal tibia) or all other sublesional non-knee sites for persons with chronic SCI in (A) case studies, case series, and cross-sectional studies, or (B) controlled and cohort studies. The data are reported as described in Figure 1A,B. Overall, most studies on persons with chronic SCI reported that ABPT did not alter BMD with only four studies reporting improved BMD at the knee. FES, functional electric stimulation; RT, resistance training; “Walking+” refers to interventions that combined walking ABPT with FES or nerve stimulation; “Standing+” refers to interventions that combined standing modalities with other modalities that increase muscle activation such as FES or vibration.