ACLY	ATP-citrate lyase
ADMA	asymmetric dimethylarginine
AHA	American Heart Association
AHSG	α2-Heremans–Schmid glycoprotein
ALT	alanine aminotransferase
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
Ang II	angiotensin II
Apo-A1	apolipoprotein A1
Apo-B	apolipoprotein B
ASCVD	atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
AST	aspartate aminotransferase
AUC	area under the curve
BMI	body mass index
CDC	Center of Disease Control and Prevention
CETP	cholesterol ester transfer protein
c-miRNAs	circulatory microRNAs
CRP	C-reactive protein
DAG	diacylglycerol
DAMPs	damage-associated molecular patterns
ED	endothelial dysfunction
ERRs	estrogen-related receptors
ETC	electron transport chain
FA	fatty acids
FADH2	reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide
FFAs	free fatty acids
FFAR	free fatty acid receptors
FTO	fat mass and obesity-associated
GDF15	growth differentiation factor 15
GPCRs	G protein-coupled receptors
GLUT4	glucose transporter
GLP-1	glucagon-like peptide 1
HDAC	histone deacetylase
HDL	high-density lipoprotein
HFD	high-fat diets
HMG-CoA	3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A
HMGCR	HMG-CoA reductase
HOMA-IR	homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance
hs-CRP	high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
ICAM-1	intercellular adhesion molecule 1
IDEFICS	Identification and Prevention of Dietary- and Lifestyle-Induced Health Effects in Children and Infants
IGT	impaired glucose tolerance
IL-6	interleukin 6
IP3	inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate
IRS-1	insulin receptor substrate-1
KO	knockout
LDL-C	low-density lipoprotein
LAP	latency-associated protein
LIKRO	liver-specific insulin receptor knockout
LOX-1	lipoprotein receptor-1
LPS	lipopolysaccharides
MCP-1	monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
MD	Mediterranean diet
MetS	metabolic syndrome
MCFAs	medium-chain fatty acids
miRNAs	microRNAs
NHANES	National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
NADH	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADPH oxidase	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase
NAFLD	non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
NF-kB	nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells
NO	nitric oxide
NREP	neuronal regeneration–related protein
NRF-1 and NRF-2	nuclear respiratory factors 1 and 2
PAI-1	plasminogen activator inhibitor 1
PAMPs	pathogen-associated molecular patterns
PGC-1α	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α
PI3K	phosphoinositide 3-kinase
PPARα and PPARδ	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and δ
PPARγ	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ
PPY	peptide YY
PWV	pulse wave velocity
QUICKI	quantitative insulin sensitivity check index
RAS	renin–angiotensinogen system
ROS	reactive oxygen species
SCFAs	short-chain fatty acids
Sd-LDL	small dense LDL
SFA	saturated fatty acid
SNPs	single nucleotide polymorphisms
SREBP-1	sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1
STZ	streptozotocin
T2DM	type II diabetes mellitus
TFAM	mitochondrial transcription factor A
TFB2M	mitochondrial transcription factor B2
TGs	triglycerides
Th1	T helper type 1
TNF α	tumor necrosis factor α
TLRs	Toll-like receptors
VCAM-1	vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
VLDLs	very low-density lipoproteins
VSMCs	vascular smooth muscle cells
VCO	virgin coconut oil
WBCs	white blood cells