Table 4.

Latest studies revolving around MetS in mice. ↑ signifies increase. ↓ signifies decrease.

Model	Obesity	Hyperlipidemia	IR	Hypertension	Caveats	Reference
OBESITY MODELS
Lepob/ob	From weaning	F HDL (LDL/HDL1)	Yes	↑↓ blood pressure	No leptin signalling; strain differences; anomalies with reproduction, thyroid axis, and HPA axis	[180]
LepRdb/db	From weaning	F HDL (LDL/HDL1)	Yes	↑↓ blood pressure	No leptin signalling; strain differences; anomalies with reproduction, thyroid axis, and HPA axis	[181]
Ay/a	Postponed onset	Slight F HDL	Postponed	yes	Tumor formation	[182]
MC4-R–/–	Postponed onset; exacerbated following high-fat feeding; haploinsufficiency of MC4-R also seen in obese humans	ND	Yes	↓ blood pressure	-	[183]
MC3-R–/–	Postponed onset	ND	protected	ND	↑ adiposity without an increase in body weight	[184]
HYPERLIPIDEMIA MODELS
LDLR–/–	HFD induced	↑ LDL	HFD induced	-	-	[185]
apoE–/–	Generally resistant	↑ VLDL and LDL, ↓ HDL	Generally resistant	-	-	[186]
OBESITY WITH HYPERLIPIDEMIA MODELS
Lepob/ob;LDLR–/– and LepRdb/db;LDLR–/–	From weaning	↑↑ VLDL and LDL	Yes	ND	Extreme hyperlipidemia; no leptin signaling	[187]
Lepob/ob;apoE–/– and LepRdb/db;apoE–/–	From weaning	↑↑ VLDL and LDL, ↓↓ HDL	Yes	ND	Extreme hyperlipidemia; no leptin signaling	[187]
Ay/a;LDLR–/– Western diet feeding	Postponed onset	↑ VLDL and LDL	Yes	ND	Extreme hyperlipidemia	[188]
LDLR 3KO	From weaning	↑ VLDL and LDL	Yes	Yes	Extreme hyperlipidemia; no leptin signaling	[189]
ApoE 3KO	From weaning	↑ VLDL and LDL	Yes	Yes	Extreme hyperlipidemia; no leptin signaling	[190]
ApoE–/– 60% HFD	Over time on HFD	↑ VLDL	Yes	Yes	-	[191]
OBESITY WITH HYPERTENSION MODELS
NZBWF1	Age onset	ND	Yes	Yes	-	[192]
KKAy/a	yes	-	Yes	Yes	-	[193]

ND = not determined; HFD = high-fat diet.