Table 6.
Association between metabolic syndrome and probiotics.
| Reference | Sample Size (n) | Age Range Probiotic Strain Period of Intervention (Weeks) Probiotic Dose |
Primary Outcomes | Secondary Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [247] | 28 | Control group: 54.5 ± 8.9 Probiotic group: 51.5 ± 11.4 Lactobacillus casei Shirota 12 milk (65 mL bottles × 3/day) 108 cells/mL |
No changes were found in BMI, BP, waist circumference, triacylglycerols, TC, and fasting glucose levels. | High-sensitive CRP (1.86 mg/L in the probiotic group vs. −1.60 mg/L in the placebo group, p = 0.016) and LBP levels (5827 ng/mL in the probiotic group vs. −1510 ng/mL in the placebo group, p = 0.023) increased within the probiotic group |
| [248] | 40 | Control group: 51.7 ± 12.1 Probiotic group: 52 ± 10.9 Lactobacillus plantarum TENSIA 3 cheese (50 g/day) 1.5 × 1011 CFU/g |
BMI was significantly reduced in the probiotic group (BMI variation in probiotic group −2 vs. −1.6 kg/m2 in the placebo group, p = 0.031). |
A positive association was detected between TENSIA colonization and the extent of change of morning diastolic BP (r = 0.617, p = 0.0248) |
| [249] | 28 | Control group: 55 ± 9 Probiotic group: 51 ± 11 Lactobacillus casei Shirota 12 milk (65 mL bottles × 3/day) 108 cells/mL |
No changes were found in BMI, fasting plasma glucose levels, and HOMA-IR index. | Probiotic supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in sVCAM-1 level (−195 ng/mL in the probiotic group vs. 30 ng/mL in the placebo group, p = 0.008) and a significant increase in high-sensitive CRP level (1.86 mg/L in the probiotic group vs. −1.60 mg/L in the placebo group, p = 0.002) |
| [247] | 24 | Control group: 63 ± 7.6 Probiotic group: 62 ± 4.35 Lactobacillus plantarum 12 milk (80 mL bottles × 1/day) 107 CFU/g |
Glucose levels showed a significant reduction in the FM group compared with the NFM group (glucose variation in FM −10.5 vs. −3 mg/dL in NFM group, p = 0.037). | Homocysteine levels showed a significant reduction in the FM group compared with the NFM group p = 0.019). |
| [250] | 28 | Control group: 55 ± 9 Probiotic group: 51 ± 11 Lactobacillus casei Shirota 12 milk (65 mL bottles × 3/day) 108 cells/mL |
No changes were found in BMI, BP, waist circumference, triacylglycerols, and TC blood levels. | LcS administration was associated with subtle microbiota changes at a genus level (enrichment of Parabacteroidetes) |
| [251] | 51 | No data Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 6 milk (80 mL bottle × 1/day) 3.4 × 108 CFU/mL |
Significant differences in BMI variation (probiotic group −1.3 vs. −0.3 kg/m2 in control group, p = 0.017); TC variation (probiotic group −15 vs. 6 mg/dL in control group, p = 0.09) and LDLc variation (probiotic group −17.5 vs. −2 mg/dL in control group, p = 0.08). | Significant decrease in TNFα and IL−6 (p < 0.05) in the probiotic group |
| [252] | 81 | Control group: 58.72 ± 7.25 Low-dose group: 56.38 ± 6.55 High-dose group: 55.16 ± 6.87 Bifidobacterium bifidum W23, Bifidobacterium lactis W51, Bifidobacterium lactis W52, Lactobacillus acidophilus W37, Lactobacillus brevis W63, Lactobacillus casei W56, Lactobacillus salivarius W24, Lactococcus lactis W19, and Lactococcus lactis W58 12 lyophilisate powder low dose (2.5 × 109 CFU/day) or high dose (1 × 1010 CFU/day) |
Significant differences were found in glucose variation (HD vs. placebo −0.61 mg/dL, p= 0.0272; HD vs. LD −0.72 mg/dL, p = 0.0043), insulin (HD vs. placebo −0.83 UI/L, p = 0.0002; HD vs. LD −0.40 UI/L, p = 0.0155), and HOMA-IR (HD vs. placebo −0.90, p = 0.0005; HD vs. LD −0.54 mg/dL, p = 0.0127). | Significant differences were found in uric acid (HD vs. placebo −0.73 mmol/L, p = 0.0109; HD vs. LD −0.92 mmol/L, p = 0.0016) and LPS levels (HD vs. placebo −0.99 ng/mL, p = 0.001) |
| [253] | 81 | Control group: 58.72 ± 7.25 Low-dose group: 56.38 ± 6.55 High-dose group: 55.16 ± 6.87 Bifidobacterium bifidum W23, Bifidobacterium lactis W51, Bifidobacterium lactis W52, Lactobacillus acidophilus W37, Lactobacillus brevis W63, Lactobacillus casei W56, Lactobacillus salivarius W24, Lactococcus lactis W19, and Lactococcus lactis W58 12 lyophilisate powder low dose (2.5 × 109 CFU/day) or high dose (1 × 1010 CFU/day) |
No changes were found in BMI and BP. | Significant differences were found in the pulse wave analysis systolic pressure (HD vs. placebo −1 mmHg, p = 0.0054; HD vs. LD −0.91 mmHg, p = 0.0057), the pulse wave analysis augmentation index (HD vs. placebo −0.55, p = 0.0079), the pulse wave velocity (HD vs. placebo −0.82 m/s, p = 0.0045; HD vs. LD −0.55 m/s, p = 0.0189), VEGF (HD vs. placebo −1.09 pg/mL, p = 0.0001; HD vs. LD −1.10 pg/mL, p = 0.0007), TNFα (HD vs. placebo −1.03 pg/mL, p = 0.0009; HD vs. LD −0.68 pg/mL, p = 0.0471), and thrombomodulin levels (HD vs. placebo −0.78 ng/mL, p= 0.0194) |
| [254] | 44 | Control group: 44.55 ± 5.70 Probiotic group: 44.05 ± 6.60 Lactobacillus acidophilus La5, Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 8 yogurt containing 6.45 × 106 CFU/g of L. acidophilus and 4.94 × 106 CFU/g of B. lactis Bb12 |
Consumption of probiotic yogurt resulted in a significant reduction in the level of blood glucose (mean difference: −3.80, p = 0.01). | Consumption of probiotic yogurt resulted in a significant reduction in the level of VCAM-1 (mean difference −463.39, p = 0.001) |
BMI: body mass index, BP: blood pressure, CFU: colony-forming units, CI: confidence interval, CRP: C-reactive protein, FM: fermented milk, HD: high dose, HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance, IL-6: interleukin-6, LBP: lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, LcS: Lactobacillus casei Shirota, LD: low dose, LDLc: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LPS: lipopolysaccharide, NFM: non-fermented milk, TC: total cholesterol, VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.