Figure 1.

The influence of norepinephrine on IL-17 and IFN-γ production by stimulated CD4⁺ T cells (a,b) and PBMCs (c,d) in MS patients and healthy subjects. CD4⁺ T cells or PBMCs (8 × 10⁴ per 200 μL per well), obtained from MS patients or from healthy subjects, were activated with microbeads coated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies with or without norepinephrine at concentrations of 10⁻⁵ M and 10⁻⁴ M. After 72 h, the supernatants were collected and submitted to cytokine quantification by ELISA. Data are expressed as the percentage of cytokine production by stimulated cells in the absence of norepinephrine. The boxes in the graphs correspond to the medians and whiskers indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles. The symbols in the graphs correspond to the data from each separately MS patient or healthy subject. The median values of the MS and control groups were compared, and the p values are indicated in the figure.