Table 2.

Self-healing electrically conductive hydrogels that are based on different healing mechanisms, different substrates, conductivity, and mechanical performance.

	Self-Healing Mechanism	Polymeric Substrate	Electrical Conductive Mediums	Self-Healing Real-Time	Conductivity	Mechanical Performance	References
Chemical Crosslinking	Imine bond	Aminated gelatin/Dialdehyde alginate	PPy	40 min	1.4 × 10−5 S/cm	0.5 MPa	[143]
	Polyol/borax	Dopamine-hyaluronic	Lithium chloride	1 h	1.1 × 10−2 S/cm	42.4 kPa	[122]
Physical Crosslinking	Hydrogen bonding	Agarose	Copper chloride	N/A	0.35 S/cm		[144]
		Carboxyl cellulose nanocrystal	Carbon nanotube	15 s	10−8 S/cm	0.8 MPa	[119]
	The ion interactions mechanism	Chitosan	PPy	2 min	5–10 × 10−2 S/cm	~10 KPa	[145]
	Hydrophobic interaction	Cellulose	Multiwall carbon nanotube	10 min	8.5 × 10−3 S/cm	0.24 MPa	[146]
	Host-guest interaction	Cyclodextrin-modified silk fibroin	PPy	N/A	1 × 10−3 S/cm	4.4 ×10−3 N	[147]

N/A: Not available.