Table 5.
Major natural compounds, and antioxidant activity of selected EOs.
| Species (Family) |
Part Used | Main Constituents of EOs | AA IC50 (μg/mL) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Cinnamomum zeylanicum
(Lauraceae) |
bark | cinnamyl aldehyde (45.13%), cinnamyl alcohol (5.13%), eugenol (7.47%), methyl-eugenol (5.23%), ethyl-cinnamate (3.86%), dihydro-eugenol (3.31%) | 13.10 | [116] |
|
Carum carvi
(Apiaceae) |
fruits | carvone (48.53%), limonene (44.42%) | 46.51 | [117] |
|
Citrus limon
(Rutaceae) |
flowers | β-pinene (25.44%), limonene (39.74%), linalool (2.16%), α-terpineol (7.30%), linalyl acetate (3.01%), acetate geranyl (3.03%), nerolidol (6.91%), acetate neryl (1.74%), farnesol (4.28%). | 15.06 | [118] |
|
Eugenia caryophyllata
(Myrtaceae) |
flower buds | eugenol (77.61%), eugenol acetate (6.54%), psi-cumene (3.03%), prehnitene (2.73), β-cis-caryophyllene (2.53%) | 30.27 | [119] |
|
Melaleuca alternifolia
(Myrtacea) |
aerial parts | terpinene-4-ol (31.11%), γ-terpinene (25.30%), α-terpinene (12.70%), 1,8-cineole (6.83%), p-cymene (4.23%), terpinolene (4.03%), limonene (2.50%), α-terpineol (2.35%), aromadendrene (1.75%), δ-cadinene (1.41%) | 48.35 | [120] |
|
Mentha spicata
(Lamiaceae) |
aerial parts | menthol (69.05%), l-menthone (12.21%), l-menthyl acetate (3.73%), (+)-isomenthone (3.07%), neoisomenthol (1.63%), d-limonene (1.53%), | 23.95 | [121] |
|
Ocimum basilicum
(Lamiaceae) |
leaves | trans-β-guaiene (16.89%), α-cadinol (15.66%), 9-methoxybicyclo [6.1.0] nona-2, 4, 6-triene (11.36%), phytol (11.68%), eucalyptol (3.03%) | 13.21 | [122] |
|
Origanum vulgare
(Lamiaceae) |
aerial parts | carvacrol (20.82%), thymol (14.64%), p-cymene (14.11%),1-methoxy-4-methylbenzene (11.34%), γ-terpinene (6.14%), 2-isopropyl-5-methylanisole (5.6%), 3-octanol (2.05%), 1-octen-3-ol (1.66%) | 1.47 | [121] |
|
Perilla frutescens
(Lamiaceae) |
aerial parts | perillaketone (35.56%), isoegomaketone (20.40%), caryophyllene (10.21%), (Z,E)-α-farnesene (4.44%), isoelemicin (3.29%) | 3.77 | [121] |
|
Piper nigrum (Piperaceae) |
seeds | β-caryophyllene (18.64%), limonene (14.95%), sabinene (13.19%), 3-carene (8.56%), β-pinene (9.71%), and α-pinene (7.96%) | 16.27 | [123] |
|
Pogostemon cablin
(Lamiaceae) |
aerial parts | patchouli alcohol (50.52%), α-guaiene (6.09%), α-bulnesene (5.68%), pogostone (5.45%), pogostol (5.43%), caryophyllene oxide (1.86%), β-patchoulene (1.23%), ledol (1.22%) | 49.74 | [121] |
|
Rosmarinus officinalis
(Lamiaceae) |
leaves | eucalyptol (11.31%), verbenone (16.56%), α-pinene (26.46%), geraniol (5.91%) | 20.36 | [121] |
|
Salvia officinalis
(Lamiaceae) |
aerial parts | tanacetone (27.99%), camphor (16.21%), viridiflorol (7.85%), humulene (6.44%), eucalyptol (5.11%) | 11.86 | [121] |
|
Thymus mongolicus
(Lamiaceae) |
aerial parts | thymol (23.7%), p-cymene (21.17%), γ-terpinene (16.42%), β-bisabolene (3.96%), linalool (2.97%), carvacrol (2.48%), α-terpinene (2.44%), thymol acetate (2.22%) | 1.42 | [121] |
|
Zingiber officinale
(Zingiberaceae) |
rhizomes | β-sesquiphellandrene (27.16%), caryophyllene (15.29%), zingiberene (13.97%), α-farnesene (10.52%), ar-curcumene (6.62%) | 65.5 | [116] |
AA, antiradical activity is expressed as IC50 (μg/mL), the concentration required to cause 50% DPPH inhibition; the lower the IC50 value, the higher the antioxidant activity of EOs.