Table 1.
Proteins that bind to the CXCL1 gene promoter, leading to a change in its expression.
| Name of the Factor | BINDING SITE | Effect on Expression | Notes | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| p50:p65 NF-κB | −78 bp to −66bp | ↑ | High basal NF-κB activity in cancer conditions; high basal CXCL1 expression in tumors. Activated in inflammation |
[33,34,35,36] |
| p50:p50 NF-κB | ? | ↓ | Prevention of chronic liver disease | [49] |
| HMGA1 | From −74 bp to −73 bp | ↑ | Essential in the full activation of the CXCL1 promoter by NF-κB | [34] |
| CDP | from −93 bp to −78 bp | ↓ | Reduction in CXCL1 expression by disruption of NF-κB function | [50,52,53] |
| PARP1 | from −93 bp to −78 bp | ↓ | PARP1 binding in the inactive state. Inhibition of NF-κB binding to the CXCL1 promoter | [55,56] |
| CUX1 | −94 bp to −84 bp | ↑ | Enhancement of CXCL1 expression by the joint action of IL-17 and TNF-α | [51] |
| Sp1 | −129 bp to −119 bp | ↑ | Significant in basal CXCL1 expression and in upregulation of CXCL1 expression by IL-17 or TNF-α | [34,50] |
| STAT1 | −154 bp | ↓ | Reduction in CXCL1 expression by IFN-γ through disruption of Sp1 function | [57] |
| STAT1/STAT4 | ? | ↑ | Enhancement of CXCL1 expression by IL-35 | [58] |
| HIF-1 and HIF-2 | ? | (↑) | Increased expression of CXCL1 in hypoxia. No precise studies on the direct effect | [84] |
| MEIS1 | −277 bp | (↑) | Sequence identified as potential binding site but non-functional. Factor influence indirect. Relevant in cancer, particularly in ovarian cancer | [90] |
| Erg-1 | −367 bp and −134 bp | ↑ | Important in cancer, especially in esophageal cancer | [88] |
| MITF | −375 bp | ↑ | Important in cancer, especially in melanoma cancer | [91] |
| Snail | from −984 bp to −301 bp | ↑ | Increased CXCL1 expression during EMT, important in cancer during metastasis formation | [94] |
| SMAD4 | −1247 bp and −560 bp |
(↓) | Sequences identified as potential binding sites but non-functional. Theoretically, when TGF-β action is reduced, the effect of SMAD4 is abolished, and thus CXCL1 expression increases | [61] |
| SETD2 | from −2.0 to −1.5 kbp | ↓ | This is the enzyme that causes histone methylation. The exact mechanisms of how epigenetic changes in this region affect CXCL1 expression are not known | [101] |
| HeyL | −2 kbp | ↑ | Notch signaling element. Relevant for cancer | [97,98] |
| Mutated p53 | ? | ↑ | Relevant in cancers with TP53 gene mutation | [74,75] |
| p63 | −3 kb | ↑ | Relevant in cancer, especially in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells | [77] |
| MAFF | −15 kpb, −12.5 kpb and −7.5 kbp |
↑ | Induction of CXCL1 expression in human term myometrium, immediately before birth. The exact functions of CXCL1 in labor are unknown | [99] |
↑—a factor that increases the expression of CXCL1; ↓—a factor that reduces the expression of CXCL1; (↓)—A factor that reduces CXCL1 expression with an identified direct binding site in the CXCL1 promoter, but the effect of the indicated factor is only indirect.