Table 1.
Study characteristics in alphabetic order.
| Author (Year) |
Sample (Group Randomised) |
Population | Intervention Duration (Follow-Up) |
Intervention Frequency |
Intervention Description | Control Group | Outcomes of Interest |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bjerre et al., (2018) [22] | 121 (109/105) |
Tumour stage: Gleason mean 2.0–10.0 Metastatic disease: 19% PCa treatment: No treatment, ADT, castration |
24 weeks | 2 times per week | Supervised AT: 20 min of warm-up, 20 min of dribbling and shooting, 20 min of 5–7-a-side football |
Usual care | QoL a Lean body mass(kg) b Body fat mass (kg) b General physical and mental health c |
| Bourke et al., (2014) [23] | 100 (50/50) |
Tumour stage: T 3–4 Metastatic disease: 20% PCa treatment: ADT |
12 weeks | First 6 weeks: 2 supervised, 1 home Last 6 weeks: 1 supervised, 2 home |
Supervised AE: 30 min 55–75% max heartrate or Borg 11–13 RT: 2–4 sets 8–12 reps, 60% 1RM progressed through intervention Home AE + RT: 30 min of skills taught in supervised sessions |
Usual care | QoL a Fatigue d Cardiovascular fitness e Systolic and diastolic BP |
| Bourke et al., (2018) [24] | 50 (25/25) |
Tumour stage: T 1–2 Metastatic disease: None PCa treatment: No information |
12 weeks | 2 times per week | Supervised AE: 20–30, 65–85% of age-specific heart rate max Home AE: 150 min moderate cardiovascular fitness per week |
Usual care | QoL f Systolic and diastolic BP Cardiovascular fitness e |
| Cormie et al., (2013) [25] | 20 (10/10) |
Tumour stage: Gleason mean 8.2 Metastatic disease: All (inclusion criteria) PCa treatment: Previous ADT |
12 weeks | 2 times per week | Supervised RT: 1–4 set (NI reps), 12–6 RM, 8 exercises Home AE: 150 min of moderate cardiovascular fitness per week |
Waiting-list protocol | General physical and mental health g Fatigue h Cardiovascular fitness i Lower body strength j Lean body mass (kg) b Body fat mass (kg) b |
| Cormie et al., (2015) [26] | 63 (32/31) |
Tumour stage: Gleason mean 7.5 Metastatic disease: None (excluded) PCa treatment: ADT |
12 weeks | 2 times per week | Supervised RT: 1–4 set (NI reps), 12–6 RM, 8 exercises AE: 20–30 min 70–85% of max heart rate Home AE: 150 min of moderate cardiovascular fitness per week |
Waiting-list protocol | General physical and mental health g Fatigue k Cardiovascular fitness i Lower body strength k Lean body mass (kg) b Body fat mass (kg) b Systolic and diastolic BP |
| Dawson et al., (2018) [27] | 37 (16/21) |
Tumour stage: Gleason mean 7.5 Metastatic disease: 45% PCa treatment: ADT |
12 weeks | 3 times per week | Supervised RT: 3 sets 15–8 reps (decrease over time) 65–83% 1RM (increase over time) 10 exercises with alternatives |
Stretching protocol 3 times a week | QoL a Fatigue m Cardiovascular fitness i Lower body strength l Lean body mass (kg) b Body fat mass (kg) b Systolic and diastolic BP |
| Dieperink et al., (2013) [28] | 161 (79/82) |
Tumour stage: T 1–3 Metastatic disease: No information PCa treatment: ADT |
20 weeks | 7 times per week | Home RT: Individualised programme, major muscle groups, 10–12 reps, 3 sets, moderate intensity 30 min per day |
Usual care | General physical and mental health e |
| Eriksen et al., (2017) [29] | 26 (17/9) |
Tumour stage: T 1–2 Metastatic disease: None PCa treatment: Active surveillance |
24 weeks | 3 times per week | Home AE: 45 min of 70% of max heart rate |
Usual care | Cardiovascular fitness n Lean body mass (skinfold) Body fat mass (skinfold) |
| Focht et al., (2018) [30] | 32 (16/16) |
Tumour stage: Gleason mean 7.7 Metastatic disease: No information PCa treatment: ADT |
12 weeks | 2 times per week | Supervised RT: 3 sets, 8–12 reps (8–12 RM) 3–6 of perceived exertion (1–10), 9 exercises AE: 10–20 min 3–4 on perceived exertion PA guidelines (150 min per week) |
Usual care | Cardiovascular fitness i Lower body strength j Lean body mass (kg) b Body fat mass (kg) b |
| Galvao et al., (2010) [31] | 57 (29/28) |
Tumour stage: Gleason mean 7.2–7.5 Metastatic disease: 9% PCa treatment: ADT + RT |
12 weeks | 2 times per week | Supervised RT: 2–4 set (NI reps), 12–6 RM 6 exercises AE: 15–20 min 65–80% of max heart rate |
Waiting-list protocol | QoL o General physical and mental health g Cardiovascular fitness i Lower body strength l Lean body mass (kg) b Body fat mass (kg) b |
| Galvao et al., (2014) [32] | 100 (50/50) |
Tumour stage: T 2–4 Metastatic disease: None (excluded) PCa treatment: Previous ADT + RT |
52 weeks | 2 times per week | Supervised RT: 2–4 set (NI reps), 12–6 RM, 6 exercises AE: 15–20 min 65–80% of max heart rate Home AE + RT: After 6 months of replication of supervised programme |
Information on physical activity with printed material | General physical and mental health g Cardiovascular fitness i Lower body strength j Lean body mass (kg) b Body fat mass (kg) b Systolic and diastolic BP |
| Galvao et al., (2018) [33] | 57 (28/29) |
Tumour stage: No information Metastatic disease: All (bone metastases, inclusion criteria) PCa treatment: ADT |
12 weeks | 3 times per week | Supervised RT: 3 sets, 10–12 RM major trunk, upper and lower body muscles, progressing 5–10% when exceeding RM values AE: 20–30 min at 60–85% of estimated heart rate max |
Waiting-list protocol | General physical health c Cardiovascular fitness i Muscle strength j Lean body mass (kg) b Body fat mass (kg) b |
| Hebert et al., (2012) [34] | 54 (29/25) |
Tumour stage: Unclear Metastatic disease: No information PCa treatment: Previous surgery, RT or both |
24 weeks | 5 times per week | Home AE: >30 min of moderate intensity exercise |
Waiting-list protocol | Body fat mass (%) b |
| Hojan et al., (2016) [35] | 55 (27/28) |
Tumour stage: Gleason mean 6.6 Metastatic disease: None (exclusion) PCa treatment: RT + ADT |
8 weeks | 5 times per week | Supervised RT: 2 sets, 8 reps, 5 exercises 70–75% of estimated 1RM AE: 30 min of moderate intensity, 65–70% of age-estimated heart rate max |
Usual care | QoL o Fatigue d Cardiovascular fitness p |
| Hojan et al., (2017) [36] | 72 (36/36) |
Tumour stage: Gleason mean 8.8 Metastatic disease: None (exclusion) PCa treatment: RT + ADT |
52 weeks | 5 times per week (weeks 1–10), 3 times per week (weeks 11–52) |
Supervised RT: 2 sets, 8 reps, 5 exercises 70–75% of estimated 1RM AE: 30 min of moderate intensity, 65–70% of age-estimated heart rate max (weeks 11–52, 70–80% of estimated heart rate max) |
Usual care | QoL o Fatigue d Cardiovascular fitness p |
| Hvid et al., (2016) [37] | 25 (12/7) |
Tumour stage: T 1–2 Metastatic disease: None (exclusion) PCa treatment: Active surveillance |
104 weeks | 3 times per week | Home AE: 35 min of interval-based exercise varying between 50–100% of VO2max |
Usual care | Cardiovascular fitness n Lean body mass (kg) b Body fat mass (kg) b |
| Jones et al., (2014) [38] | 50 (25/25) |
Tumour stage: Gleason 62% >7.0 Metastatic disease: No information PCa treatment: Previous prostatectomy |
24 weeks | 5 times per week (supervised at least 3 times) |
Supervised/Home AE: 30–45 min of walking with 55–100% of VO2peak |
Usual care | QoL a Cardiovascular fitness n Lean body mass (%) b Body fat mass (%) b Systolic and diastolic BP |
| Livingston et al., (2015) [39] | 147 (54/92) |
Tumour stage: T 1–3 Metastatic disease: No information PCa treatment: Surgery, RT, ADT or combined |
12 weeks | 3 times per week (2 supervised, 1 home) | Supervised RT: 4–6 exercises, 2 sets, 8–12 reps AE: 20–30 min 40–70% of max heart rate Home RT + AE With bodyweight and resistance band |
Usual care | QoL o Cardiovascular fitness p Lower body Strength l Systolic and diastolic BP |
| Mardani et al., (2020) [54] | 80 (40/40) |
Tumour stage: Unclear Metastatic disease: Unclear PCa treatment: Radiotherapy, surgery, hormone therapy |
12 weeks | 2 times per week | Supervised RT: 11 exercises for lang muscle groups, low to moderate load (11–13 on BORG), 8–12 reps, 2 sets AT: walk, light to moderate (11–13 on BORG), 60–150 min per week, |
Usual Care | QoL o Fatigue t |
| Monga et al., (2007) [40] | (30) 21 (11/10) |
Tumour stage: Gleason mean 5.3 Metastatic disease: Unclear PCa treatment: RT |
8 weeks | 3 times per week | Supervised AE: 30 min walking on treadmill, 65% of heart rate reserve |
Usual care | QoL a Fatigue r Lower body strength s Cardiovascular fitness e |
| Ndjavero et al., (2020) [41] | 50 (24/26) |
Tumour stage: Gleason 96% ≥7.0 Metastatic disease: 45% PCa treatment: ADT |
12 weeks | 2 times per week supervised, 3 times per week home | Supervised AE: 5 × 5 min on 11–15 on 55–85% of heart rate max on ergometer bike RT: Six exercises targeting major muscle groups, 2–4 sets, 10 reps at 11–15 RPE Home AE: 30 min self-directed structured physical activity |
Waiting-list protocol | QoL a Fatigue k Cardiovascular fitness n Lean body mass (kg) y Body fat mass (kg) y |
| Nilsen et al., (2015) [42] | 58 (28/30) |
Tumour stage: Intermediate high-risk profile Metastatic disease: Unclear PCa treatment: RT + ADT |
18 weeks | 3 times per week | Supervised RT: 9 exercises, Monday: 1–3 sets, 10 RM, Fridays: 2–3 sets, 6RM, Wednesdays: submaximal session, 10 reps, 80–90% of 10 RM, 2–3 sets |
Usual care | QoL o Fatigue t Cardiovascular fitness u Lean body mass (kg) b Body fat mass (kg) b Lower body strength l |
| O’Neill et al., (2015) [43] | 94 (47/47) |
Tumour stage: Gleason 90% ≥7.0 Metastatic disease: Unclear PCa treatment: ADT |
24 weeks | 5 times per week | Home AE: 30 min of brisk walking (moderate intensity) |
Waiting-list protocol | QoL a Fatigue v Lean body mass (kg) b Body fat mass (kg) b Cardiovascular fitness p |
| Park et al., (2012) [44] | 66 (33/33) |
Tumour stage: T 2–3 Metastatic disease: Unclear PCa treatment: Radical prostatectomy |
12 weeks | 2 times per week | Supervised RT: Elastic band, 50–70% of 1RM, upper extremities (lateral, anterior, posterior) lower extremities (lift and spread), weeks 9–12 |
Pelvic floor exercises | General physical and mental health g |
| Segal et al., (2003) [45] | 155 (82/73) |
Tumour stage: T 2–4 Metastatic disease: No information PCa treatment: ADT |
12 weeks | 3 times per week | Supervised RT: 2 sets, 8–12 reps, 9 exercises, 60–70% of 1RM, 5 lbs increase when able to complete >12 reps |
Waiting-list protocol | QoL a Fatigue d |
| Segal et al., (2009) [46] | 121 (40/40/41) |
Tumour stage: T 1–4 Metastatic disease: None (excluded) PCa treatment: RT and ADT |
24 weeks | 3 times per week | Supervised AE: Weeks 1–4: 50–60% of VO2peak, weeks 5–24: 70–75%, duration 15 min progression 5 min every 3 weeks until 45 min RT: 2 sets, 8–12 reps of 10 exercises at 60–70% of 1RM |
Waiting-list protocol | QoL a Fatigue d Cardiovascular fitness n Lower body strength w Body fat mass (%) b |
| Taaffe et al., (2017) [47] | 163 (58/54/51) |
Tumour stage: Gleason mean 7.8 Metastatic disease: 7% of sample PCa treatment: ADT |
24 weeks | RT + IMP: 2 times per week supervised, 2 times per week home (just IMP) RT + AE: 2 times per week |
RT + IMP supervised RT: 2–4 sets (NI on reps), 6–12 RM, 6 exercises IMP: Ground reaction force 3,4–5,2 times body weight Home IMP: As supervised RT + AE supervised RT: 2–4 sets (NI on reps), 6–12 RM, 6 exercises AE: 20–30 min, 60–70% of estimated heart rate max Home AE: 150 min of moderate cardiovascular fitness per week |
Waiting-list protocol | Fatigue t Cardiovascular fitness i Lower body strength l Lean body mass (kg) b Body fat mass (kg) b |
| Taaffe et al., (2019) [48] | 104 (54/50) |
Tumour stage: Gleason mean 7.6 Metastatic disease: None, exclusion criteria PCa treatment: ADT |
24 weeks | 3 times per week supervised, 2 times per week home | Supervised AE: Treadmill, rower or bike 60–80% heart rate max RT: Major muscle groups 2–4 sets, 6–12 reps IMP: Hopping, skipping, leaping and drop jump (GRF 3.4–5.2 times body weight) Home Walking and modified IMP |
Waiting-list protocol | Lean body mass (kg) b Body fat mass (kg) b |
| Uth et al. (2014) [49] |
57 (29/28) |
Tumour stage: Gleason mean 7.9 Metastatic disease: Bone metastases 19% of sample PCa treatment: ADT |
12 weeks | 2 times per week (weeks 1–8), 3 times per week (weeks 9–12) | Supervised AE: 2 × 15 min of 5–7 a-side football (weeks 1–4), 3 × 15 min of 5–7 a-side football (weeks 5–12) |
Waiting-list protocol | Lean body mass (kg) b Body fat mass (kg) b Cardiovascular fitness n Lower body strength j |
| Windsor et al., (2004) [50] | 66 (33/33) |
Tumour stage: T 1–2 (51 out of 66) Metastatic disease: Unclear PCa treatment: RT |
4 (8) weeks | 3 times per week | Home AE: 30 min of walking at moderate intensity (60–70% of heart rate max) |
Usual care | Fatigue m |
| Wall et al., (2017) [51] | 97 (50/47) |
Tumour stage: Gleason mean 8.0 Metastatic disease: None (bone metastases excluded) PCa treatment: ADT |
24 weeks | 2 times per week | Supervised RT: 6 exercises, weeks 1–4: 2 sets, 12 reps, weeks 5–8: 3 sets, 10 reps, weeks 9–12: 3 sets, 8 reps, weeks 13–16: ? AE: 20–30 min, 70–90% of VO2peak Home 150 min per week 70–90% of VO2peak |
Usual care | Cardiovascular fitness n Lean body mass (kg) b Body fat mass (kg) b Systolic and diastolic BP |
| Winters-Stone et al., (2014) [52] | 51 (29/22) |
Tumour stage: Unclear Metastatic disease: 27.6% of intervention sample, 13.6% of control sample PCa treatment: ADT |
52 weeks | 2 times per week supervised + 1 time per week home | Supervised RT: Lower body: 2–3 sets progression from 12–14 RM, 12–14 reps to 6–8 RM, 6–8 reps Upper body: 2–3 sets, 8–12 reps, progressing from 0–2% to 9–10% of body weight IMP: Jumps: 10 reps, progressing from 3 to 10 sets Home As supervised |
Stretching protocol | Lean body mass (kg) b Body fat mass (kg) b Fatigue x |
| Winters-Stone et al., (2016) [53] | 64 (32/32) |
Tumour stage: Unclear Metastatic disease: 9% of sample PCa treatment: Currently on ADT: Intervention (22%), control (13%) |
24 weeks | 2 times per week | Supervised RT exercising with spouse: 8–10 exercises, 8–15 reps, progressing from 15 to 8 RM |
Waiting-list protocol | Lean body mass (kg) b Body fat mass (kg) b General physical and mental health g Lower body strength l |
The column “Intervention description” contains both supervised and home-delivered exercise characteristics. PCa, prostate cancer, AE, aerobic exercise, RT, resistance training, BP, blood pressure, QoL, quality of life, ADT, androgen-deprivation therapy, BW, body weight, IMP, impact training, NI, no information, RM, repetition maximum, reps, repetition; a FACT-P, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—Prostate, b DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorption, c SF-12, 12-Item Short Form Health Survey, d FACT-F, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—Fatigue, e Bruce ramp protocol, f EQ5D questionnaire, g SF-36, 36-Item Short Form Health Survey, h MFSI-SF, Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory-Short Form, i 400 m walk test, j 1RM leg extension, k FACIT-F, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy—Fatigue, l 1RM leg press, m BFI, Brief Fatigue Inventory, n VO2max/peak (incremental cycling test with pulmonary gas exchange measurement), o EORCT QLQ-C30 (global), European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-C30, p 6 min walk-test, r Piper Fatigue Scale, s Timed 5 reps of chair sit-to-stand, t EORCT QLQ-C30 (Fatigue), European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-C30, u shuttle walk test, v FSS, Fatigue Severity Scale, w 8RM leg press, x Schwartz Cancer Fatigue Scale, and BIA, bioelectrical impedance analysis.