Table 3.
Experiences of discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic due to being Asian, Asian American or Pacific Islander by cultural group: N (%).
| Variables | Experience of Discrimination | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes N = 3018 (%) | No N = 1953 (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| Cultural Group | ||||
| Asian Indian | 119 (41.5) | 168 (58.5) | Reference | Reference |
| Ethnic Chinese 1 | 1090 (64.7) | 595 (35.3) | 2.59 (2.00–3.34) | 2.38 (1.79–3.17) |
| Filipino | 106 (61.3) | 67 (38.7) | 2.23 (1.52–3.29) | 1.81 (1.18–2.78) |
| Hmong | 88 (80.0) | 22 (20.0) | 5.65 (3.35–9.53) | 2.09 (1.10–3.97) |
| Japanese | 127 (57.7) | 93 (42.3) | 1.93 (1.35–2.75) | 2.21 (1.49–3.28) |
| Korean | 718 (64.2) | 401 (35.8) | 2.53 (1.94–3.29) | 2.04 (1.50–2.78) |
| NHPI 2 | 47 (40.5) | 69 (59.5) | 0.96 (0.62–1.49) | 1.06 (0.64–1.76) |
| Vietnamese | 534 (55.7) | 424 (44.3) | 1.78 (1.36–2.32) | 1.61 (1.18–2.20) |
| Other/Mixed | 189 (62.4) | 114 (37.6) | 2.34 (1.68–3.26) | 1.78 (1.23–2.57) |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 1976 (62.0) | 1210 (38.0) | 1.17 (1.04–1.32) | 1.24 (1.08–1.43) |
| Male | 1015 (58.2) | 729 (41.8) | Reference | Reference |
| Other/Decline to State | 27 (65.9) | 14 (34.1) | 1.39 (0.72–2.66) | 1.16 (0.48–2.85) |
| Sexual Orientation | ||||
| Heterosexual | 2716 (59.9) | 1817 (40.1) | Reference | Reference |
| Not Heterosexual | 166 (74.1) | 78 (25.9) | 1.91 (1.41–2.60) | 1.70 (1.21–2.39) |
| Decline to State | 136 (63.6) | 78 (36.4) | 1.17 (0.88–1.55) | 1.45 (1.02–2.06) |
| Age (in years) | ||||
| <30 | 773 (69.8) | 334 (30.2) | 2.48 (2.08–2.96) | 1.93 (1.46–2.56) |
| 30–39 | 579 (66.4) | 293 (33.6) | 2.12 (1.76–2.55) | 1.60 (1.23–2.06) |
| 40–49 | 566 (62.3) | 343 (37.7) | 1.77 (1.48–2.12) | 1.36 (1.07–1.74) |
| 50–59 | 590 (57.5) | 436 (42.5) | 1.45 (1.22–1.73) | 1.22 (0.97–1.53) |
| >60 | 510 (48.2) | 547 (51.8) | Reference | Reference |
| Nativity | ||||
| US-born | 1104 (63.0) | 649 (37.0) | 1.16 (1.03–1.31) | NA |
| Foreign-born | 1876 (59.5) | 1276 (40.5) | Reference | |
| LEP 3 | ||||
| Yes | 626 (56.6) | 483 (43.5) | Reference | Reference |
| No | 2392 (61.9) | 1470 (38.1) | 1.25 (1.10–1.43) | 1.21 (1.00–1.47) |
| Caring | ||||
| Yes | 736 (61.5) | 461 (38.5) | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) | NA |
| No | 2282 (60.5) | 1492 (39.5) | Reference | |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Single | 907 (65.7) | 473 (34.3) | 1.32 (1.16–1.51) | 0.89 (0.74–1.08) |
| Married/Living with Partner | 1907 (59.3) | 1312 (40.8) | Reference | Reference |
| Separated/Divorced/Widowed | 178 (53.5) | 155 (46.5) | 0.79 (0.63–0.99) | 1.06 (0.82–1.38) |
| Declined | 26 (66.7) | 13 (33.3) | 1.04 (0.53–2.05) | 1.16 (0.47–2.85) |
| Employment Status | ||||
| Full-time | 1451 (62.7) | 862 (37.3) | 2.04 (1.69–2.45) | 1.27 (0.97–1.66) |
| Part-time | 533 (63.3) | 309 (36.7) | 2.09 (1.68–2.59) | 1.15 (0.87–1.52) |
| Homemaker | 253 (60.7) | 164 (39.3) | 1.87 (1.44–2.41) | 1.17 (0.84–1.63) |
| Unemployed | 328 (63.7) | 187 (36.3) | 2.12 (1.66–2.71) | 1.10 (0.79–1.51) |
| Retired | 253 (45.3) | 306 (54.7) | Reference | Reference |
| Other/Decline to state | 200 (61.5) | 125 (38.5) | 0.95 (0.75–1.21) | 0.93 (0.65–1.34) |
| Education | ||||
| High school or less | 436 (56.0) | 343 (44.0) | Reference | Reference |
| Some college/technical school | 380 (65.3) | 202 (34.7) | 1.48 (1.19–1.85) | 1.16 (0.90–1.49) |
| Bachelor’s degree | 1090 (60.5) | 713 (39.5) | 1.20 (1.02–1.43) | 0.95 (0.77–1.17) |
| Master’s degree or higher | 1064 (61.7) | 660 (38.3) | 1.27 (1.07–1.51) | 1.19 (0.94–1.50) |
| Annual Household Income ($) | ||||
| ≤25,000 | 451 (56.0) | 354 (44.0) | Reference | N/A |
| >25,000–75,000 | 881 (64.2) | 492 (35.8) | 1.41 (1.18–1.68) | |
| >75,000–150,000 | 823 (66.0) | 425 (34.0) | 1.52 (1.27–1.82) | |
| >150,000 | 548 (56.5) | 422 (43.5) | 1.02 (0.94–1.23) | |
| Decline to state | 315 (54.8) | 260 (45.2) | 0.95 (0.77–1.18) | |
| Census Region | ||||
| West | 1825 (56.7) | 1394 (43.3) | Reference | Reference |
| Midwest | 328 (76.1) | 103 (23.9) | 2.43 (1.93–3.07) | 2.14 (1.60–2.86) |
| Northeast | 387 (63.8) | 220 (36.2) | 1.34 (1.12–1.61) | 1.32 (1.07–1.63) |
| South | 478 (67.0) | 235 (33.0) | 1.55 (1.31–1.84) | 1.55 (1.27–1.89) |
| Self-reported Health Quintiles | ||||
| Q1 (lowest) | 568 (69.0) | 255 (31.0) | 2.13 (1.76–2.58) | 2.02 (1.64–2.47) |
| Q2 | 692 (64.5) | 381 (35.5) | 1.74 (1.46–2.07) | 1.59 (1.32–1.92) |
| Q3 | 570 (61.0) | 364 (39.0) | 1.50 (1.26–1.79) | 1.43 (1.18–1.72) |
| Q4 | 466 (59.9) | 312 (40.1) | 1.43 (1.19–1.72) | 1.38 (1.13–1.69) |
| Q5 (highest) | 558 (51.1) | 534 (48.9) | Reference | Reference |
| Length of SIP 4 Order | ||||
| No order | 166 (50.8) | 161 (49.2) | Reference | Reference |
| <1 month | 161 (59.6) | 109 (40.4) | 1.59 (1.21–2.10) | 1.20 (0.84–1.73) |
| 1 to <2 months | 350 (62.2) | 213 (37.8) | 2.24 (1.69–2.97) | 1.43 (1.04–1.96) |
| 2 to <3 months | 398 (69.8) | 172 (30.2) | 1.44 (1.15–1.82) | 1.85 (1.34–2.57) |
| 3 months or longer | 1665 (59.8) | 1118 (40.2) | 1.43 (1.03–1.98) | 1.43 (1.09–1.89) |
| Do not know | 268 (61.2) | 170 (38.8) | 1.53 (1.14–2.04) | 1.30 (0.93–1.82) |
| The severity of COVID-19 where you live | ||||
| A lot less | 199 (47.9) | 216 (52.1) | Reference | Reference |
| Somewhat less | 487 (56.5) | 375 (43.5) | 1.41 (1.11–1.78) | 1.15 (0.89–1.50) |
| About the same | 701 (63.8) | 397 (36.2) | 1.92 (1.53–2.41) | 1.52 (1.18–1.97) |
| Somewhat more | 942 (63.9) | 533 (36.1) | 1.92 (1.54–2.39) | 1.52 (1.18–1.94) |
| A lot more | 676 (61.6) | 422 (38.4) | 1.74 (1.39–2.18) | 1.37 (1.06–1.77) |
| COVID-19 Effect on Family Income/Employment | ||||
| No Change | 1078 (53.0) | 956 (47.0) | Reference | Reference |
| Mild | 970 (63.8) | 550 (36.2) | 1.56 (1.37–1.79) | 1.46 (1.25–1.69) |
| Moderate | 838 (67.8) | 398 (32.2) | 1.87 (1.61–2.16) | 1.95 (1.64–2.32) |
| Severe | 123 (76.4) | 38 (23.6) | 2.87 (1.98–4.17) | 3.19 (2.10–4.85) |
1 Ethnic Chinese includes mainland Chinese, Hongkonger, Taiwanese, and Huaren. 2 Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders. 3 Self-reported English proficiency categorized as limited (“yes”) if speaking or reading or writing English indicated as “some,” “a little” or “not at all”. 4 SIP: Shelter-in-Place. Odds ratios that were statistically significant from the logistic regression models were bolded.