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. 2022 Jan 12;23(2):810. doi: 10.3390/ijms23020810

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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HEM or EA treatment downregulates pro-neuroinflammatory mediators in the midbrain of LPS-induced PD model rats. Rats were sacrificed after the amphetamine-induced rotation test (as shown in Figure 1). (A–D) Real-time RT-PCR analysis of proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α and IL-1β), anti-neuroinflammatory factor (BDNF) and proinflammatory enzyme (iNOS) expression in the midbrains of rats. The data are expressed as fold changes relative to the control rats. The results are expressed as the mean ± SD. * p < 0.05 compared to the control group, ^# p < 0.05 compared to the LPS groups.