Table 1.

LncRNAs involved in EMT and Warburg effect.

LncRNA	EMT	Warburg Effect
PROMOTERS
HOTAIR	Activates SNAIL by recruiting PRC2 on miR-34 promoter, which, in turn, targets SNAIL [101] Represses E-cadherin and other SNAIL targets by recruiting EZH2 on their promoters [102] Acts as ceRNA that positively regulates SNAIL2 by sponging miR-148a [103]	Acts as ceRNA that positively regulates HK2 by sponging miR-125 and miR-127 [104] Upregulates glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) via mTOR [105]
MALAT1	Acts as ceRNA that positively regulates Slug by sponging miR-204 [106] and Capn4 by sponging miR-124 [107] Represses E-cadherin by recruiting EZH2 on its promoter [108]	Stabilizes HIF-1a by promoting its dissociation from VHL and thus preventing its ubiquitin-dependent degradation [109]
H19	Acts as ceRNA that positively regulates EMT genes, including vimentin, ZEB1/2, HMGA2, and others, by sponging miRNAs targeting them [110,111] Activates β-catenin/GSK3β signaling by recruiting EZH2 [112]	Activates tumor specific PKM2 [113] Acts as ceRNA that positively regulates PDK1 by sponging let-7, thus causing the release of HIF-1a [114]
UCA1	Acts as ceRNA that positively regulates ZEB1/2, SNAIL2 and HMGA2 by sponging miR-145, miR-203, and miR-485-5p, respectively [115,116,117] Enhances Wnt/β-catenin signaling [118]	Upregulates HK2 through the mTOR-STAT3/miR-143 pathway [119]
TUG1	Acts as ceRNA that positively regulates ZEB1/2, by sponging miR-145 [120,121], and EZH2, by sponging miR-382 and miR-144-3p [122,123]	Upregulates HK2 through the TUG1/miR-455-3p/AMPKβ2 axis [124]
PVT1	Acts as ceRNA that positively regulates PTCH1, thus activating hedgehog signaling, by sponging miR-152 [125]	Acts as ceRNA that upregulates HK2 by sponging miR-497 [126]
ANRIL	Activates ATM-E2F1 signaling [127]	Upregulates GLUT1 through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway [128]
CRNDE	Enhances Notch signaling [129]	Upregulates GLUT4 [130]
ROR	Acts as ceRNA that upregulates EMT TFs including Nanog and ZEB2 by sponging miR-145 and miR-205 [131,132] Activates ZEB1 by inhibiting p53 [133]	Upregulates HIF-1α by sponging miR-145 [134]
CASC9	Acts as ceRNA that upregulates TGFβ2 and EGFR by sponging miR-758-3p and miR-370, respectively [135,136]	Interacts with HIF-1α and stabilizes its protein [137]
INHIBITORS
LincRNA-p21	Inhibits Notch and Hippo signaling [138,139]	Competes with HIF-1α for the binding to VHL [140] Downregulates PKM2 [141]
GAS5	Acts as ceRNA that upregulates aplasia Ras homologue member I (ARHI) by sponging miR-221 [142]	Inhibits the expression of 6-phosphoglucanase (G6Pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) [143]