Table 1.
“Properties of the measurement model”.
| Dimension | Items | Loadings | Mean | SDs | CR | AVE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transformational Leadership (TFL)Carless et al. (2000) | “My manager communicates a clear and positive vision of the future” | 0.789 | 2.93 | 1.270 | 0.927 | 0.681 |
| “My manager treats staff as individuals, supports and encourages their development” | 0.832 | 3.12 | 1.295 | |||
| “My manager gives encouragement and recognition to staff” | 0.843 | 3.32 | 1.299 | |||
| “My manager fosters trust, involvement and cooperation among team members” | 0.801 | 3.11 | 1.279 | |||
| “My manager encourages thinking about problems in new ways and questions assumptions” | 0.840 | 3.33 | 1.301 | |||
| “My manager is clear about his/her values and practices what he/she preaches” | 0.844 | 3.34 | 1.318 | |||
| “Cronbach’s α” | 0.906 | |||||
| Financial StressTurner et al. (1995) | “I am currently experiencing financial problems” | 0.776 | 2.44 | 0.950 | 0.803 | 0.576 |
| “I have frequent disagreements with those close to me over how to spend money” | 0.694 | 1.97 | 1.252 | |||
| “I have too much debt / I owe too much money” | 0.804 | 1.70 | 1.073 | |||
| “Cronbach’s α” | 0.679 | |||||
| AnxietyWarr (1990) | “Thinking of the past few weeks, how much of the time has your job made you feel each of the following?” | 0.913 | 2.21 | 1.258 | 0.924 | 0.801 |
| “Tense” | 0.914 | 2.34 | 1.285 | |||
| “Uneasy” | 0.857 | 2.09 | 1.222 | |||
| “Worried” | ||||||
| “Cronbach’s α” | 0.876 | |||||
| Workplace LonelinessRussell et al. (1980) | “No one really knows me well at work” | 0.773 | 2.50 | 1.176 | 0.837 | 0.721 |
| “At work, people are around me but not with me” | 0.920 | 2.41 | 1.197 | |||
| “Cronbach’s α” | 0.651 | |||||
| Burnout | ||||||
| Emotional ExhaustionDemerouti et al. (2010) | “There are days when I feel tired before I arrive at work” | 0.765 | 3.20 | 1.400 | 0.884 | 0.604 |
| “After work, I tend to need more time than in the past in order to relax and feel better” | 0.860 | 3.19 | 1.339 | |||
| “During my work, I often feel emotionally drained” | 0.777 | 3.02 | 1.242 | |||
| “After my work, I have enough energy for my leisure activities (R)” | 0.804 | 3.19 | 1.189 | |||
| “Cronbach’s α” | 0.834 | |||||
| DisengagementDemerouti et al. (2010) | “I always find new and interesting aspects in my work (R)” | 0.841 | 2.46 | 1.149 | 0.868 | 0.687 |
| “I find my work to be a positive challenge (R)” | 0.857 | 2.26 | 1.203 | |||
| “I feel more and more engaged in my work (R)” | 0.787 | 2.64 | 1.202 | |||
| “Cronbach’s α” | 0.771 | |||||
| HRM Practices Based on Bettencourt et al. (2001) | ||||||
| Training and DevelopmentSun and Pan (2008) | “Extensive training programs are provided for individuals in customer contact or front-line jobs” | 0.939 | 3.63 | 1.169 | 0.932 | 0.872 |
| “Employees in customer contact jobs will normally go through training programs every few years” | 0.929 | 3.67 | 1.143 | |||
| “Cronbach’s α” | 0.854 | |||||
| Participation in Decision-MakingDelery and Doty (1996) | “Employees in this job are often asked by their supervisor to participate in decisions” | 0.809 | 3.47 | 1.230 | 0.839 | 0.636 |
| “Employees are provided the opportunity to suggest improvements in the way things are done” | 0.836 | 3.68 | 1.154 | |||
| “Superiors keep open communications with employees in this job” | 0.744 | 3.99 | 1.037 | |||
| “Cronbach’s α” | 0.713 | |||||
| Employee AutonomyBarling et al. (2003) | “In general, how much influence or input do you have about” | 0.777 | 4.00 | 1.032 | 0.862 | 0.556 |
| “The type of work you do” | 0.684 | 3.98 | 1.010 | |||
| “How you start and finish work” | 0.659 | 3.73 | 1.110 | |||
| “The pace at which you do your job” | 0.782 | |||||
| “Cronbach’s α” | 0.763 | |||||
| Information SharingBoselie et al. (2001) | “I am well informed on the vision and mission of the company” | 0.746 | 3.89 | 1.090 | 0.887 | 0.610 |
| “I am well informed on the future plans of the company” | 0.826 | 3.37 | 1.268 | |||
| “I am well informed on the business results of the company” | 0.802 | 3.38 | 1.242 | |||
| “I am well informed on the activities of other establishments and units of the company” | 0.773 | 3.81 | 1.140 | |||
| “Cronbach’s α” | 0.840 | |||||
“Item loadings are based on Exploratory Factor Analysis for all measures used in this study” (“principal axis factoring; promax rotation”) with a “cutoff value = 0.50″)
“SDs: Standard Deviation”; “CR: Composite Reliability”; “AVE: Average Variance Extracted”