Table 2.
Changes in participants' characteristic body composition, VO2max peak, blood glucose, and blood pressure control.
| Groups | Pre | Post | d | t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body mass (kg) | |||||
| HIIT | 75 ± 9.98 | 74.49 ± 9.15 | −0.51 ± 1.04 | ||
| MICT | 73.12 ± 7.83 | 69.60 ± 5.91∗∗ | −3.52 ± 2.09§ | 5.56 | 0.001 |
| CON | 71.76 ± 9.72 | 71.37 ± 9.23 | −0.39 ± 1.25 | ||
| F | 12.90 | ||||
| p | 0.002 | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
| HIIT | 27.38 ± 5.53 | 27.17 ± 5.23 | −0.21 ± 0.37 | ||
| MICT | 26.75 ± 4.20 | 25.45 ± 3.51∗∗ | −1.30 ± 0.79§ | 5.46 | 0.001 |
| CON | 26.45 ± 4.97 | 26.27 ± 4.88 | −0.18 ± 0.45 | ||
| F | 13.02 | ||||
| p | 0.001 | ||||
| VO2max (L/min) | |||||
| HIIT | 3.4 ± 0.4 | 3.9 ± 0.4∗∗ | 0.52 ± 0.06§§ | -27.29 | 0.001 |
| MICT | 3.5 ± 0.4 | 3.7 ± 0.5∗∗ | 0.31 ± 0.13 | -8.06 | 0.001 |
| CON | 3.5 ± 0.4 | 3.5 ± 0.5 | −0.03 ± 0.10 | ||
| F | 75.00 | ||||
| p | 0.001 | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | |||||
| HIIT | 7.80 ± 0.50 | 6.93 ± 0.33∗∗# | 9.70 | 0.001 | |
| MICT | 7.60 ± 0.52 | 6.83 ± 0.44∗∗ | 6.07 | 0.001 | |
| CON | 7.47 ± 0.57 | 7.42 ± 0.62 | |||
| F | 4.39 | ||||
| p | 0.022 | ||||
| HbA1c (%) | |||||
| HIIT | 7.18 ± 0.50 | 6.79 ± 0.41∗∗ | −0.20 ± 0.19 | 3.32 | 0.009 |
| MICT | 7.02 ± 0.44 | 6.88 ± 0.40∗∗ | −0.14 ± 0.14 | 3.26 | 0.009 |
| CON | 7.06 ± 0.38 | 7.09 ± 0.33 | 0.03 ± 0.12 | ||
| F | 6.13 | ||||
| p | 0.006 | ||||
| Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | |||||
| HIIT | 27.04 ± 1.06 | 24.65 ± 1.38∗∗ | −2.39 ± 1.47§ | 5.14 | 0.001 |
| MICT | 26.35 ± 1.43 | 25.35 ± 1.49∗∗ | −0.99 ± 0.91 | 3.63 | 0.005 |
| CON | 26.88 ± 1.64 | 26.37 ± 2.21 | −0.51 ± 1.26 | ||
| F | 6.37 | ||||
| p | 0.005 | ||||
| Systolic (mmHg) | |||||
| HIIT | 140.2 ± 3.23 | 139.4 ± 2.88 | |||
| MICT | 135.5 ± 7.23 | 134.7 ± 7.02 | |||
| CON | 134.2 ± 8.44 | 135.4 ± 8.85∗ | -2.88 | 0.018 | |
| F | |||||
| p | |||||
| Diastolic (mmHg) | |||||
| HIIT | 75.40 ± 6.55 | 74.50 ± 5.19 | |||
| MICT | 74.55 ± 6.92 | 74.45 ± 5.92 | |||
| CON | 77.80 ± 6.29 | 78.10 ± 6.21 | |||
| F | |||||
| p |
Values are mean ± standard deviation; paired-sample t-test was used to compare data before and after the intervention in each group, ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01 for statistically significant differences; one-way ANOVA was used to compare postintervention differences between HIIT, MICT, and CON groups, and Bonferroni post hoc test was used for two-way comparisons. #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01 for statistically significant differences between groups; §p < 0.05, §§p < 0.01 for statistically significant differences in HIIT vs. MICT differences. HIIT: high-intensity interval training; MICT: moderate-intensity continuous training; CON: control.