Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants according to acute kidney injury status at acute phase.
| Characteristics | Total (n=1734) | No AKI (n=1629) | AKI (n=105) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 57.0 (47.0-65.0) | 57.0 (47.0-65.0) | 59.0 (50.0-68.0) | 0.049 |
| Sex | 0.57 | |||
| Men | 911 (53%) | 853 (52%) | 58 (55%) | |
| Women | 823 (47%) | 776 (48%) | 47 (45%) | |
| Education | 0.51 | |||
| College or higher | 501/1680 (30%) | 467/1576 (30%) | 34/104 (33%) | |
| Middle school or lower | 1179/1680 (70%) | 1109/1576 (70%) | 70/104 (67%) | |
| Cigarette smoking | 0.96 | |||
| Never-smoker | 1474/1730 (85%) | 1385/1625 (85%) | 89 (85%) | |
| Current smoker | 105/1730 (6%) | 98/1625 (6%) | 7 (7%) | |
| Former smoker | 151/1730 (9%) | 142/1625 (9%) | 9 (9%) | |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Hypertension | 579/1732 (33%) | 520/1627 (32%) | 59 (56%) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes | 236/1732 (14%) | 211/1627 (13%) | 25 (24%) | 0.0017 |
| Coronary heart diseases | 153/1731 (9%) | 139/1627 (9%) | 14/104 (13%) | 0.09 |
| Cerebrovascular diseases | 80/1732 (5%) | 74/1627 (5%) | 6 (6%) | 0.59 |
| Malignancy | 43/1733 (2%) | 41/1628 (3%) | 2 (2%) | 0.68 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 29/1732 (2%) | 27/1627 (2%) | 2 (2%) | 0.85 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 62/1733 (4%) | 59/1628 (4%) | 3 (3%) | 0.67 |
| Highest seven-category scale during hospital stay | <0.0001 | |||
| 3: hospitalization, not requiring supplemental oxygen | 435 (25%) | 426 (26%) | 9 (9%) | |
| 4: hospitalization, requiring supplemental oxygen | 1180 (68%) | 1128 (69%) | 52 (50%) | |
| 5: hospitalization, requiring HFNC or non-IMV, or both | 110 (6%) | 75 (5%) | 35 (33%) | |
| 6: hospitalization, requiring ECMO or IMV, or both | 9 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 9 (9%) | |
| Treatment received during hospital stay | ||||
| Corticosteroids | 399 (23%) | 338 (21%) | 61 (58%) | <0.0001 |
| Antivirals | 946 (55%) | 878 (54%) | 68 (65%) | 0.030 |
| Lopinavir-ritonavir | 233 (13%) | 207 (13%) | 26 (25%) | 0.0004 |
| Arbidol | 833 (48%) | 774 (48%) | 59 (56%) | 0.08 |
| Chloroquine phosphate | 4 (0%) | 4 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1.00 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 2 (0%) | 1 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 0.12 |
| Antibiotics | 1340 (77%) | 1237 (76%) | 103 (98%) | <0.0001 |
| Beta lactams | 932 (54%) | 844 (52%) | 88 (84%) | <0.0001 |
| Quinolones | 975 (56%) | 895 (55%) | 80 (76%) | <0.0001 |
| Sulfonamides | 229 (13%) | 213 (13%) | 16 (15%) | 0.53 |
| Macrolides | 26 (1%) | 24 (1%) | 2 (2%) | 0.73 |
| Tetracycline | 7 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (7%) | <0.0001 |
| Aminoglycosides | 2 (0%) | 1 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 0.12 |
| Others* | 45 (3%) | 25 (2%) | 20 (19%) | <0.0001 |
| Thymosin | 289 (17%) | 271 (17%) | 18 (17%) | 0.89 |
| Intravenous immunoglobulin | 347 (20%) | 298 (18%) | 49 (47%) | <0.0001 |
| Length of hospital stay, days | 14.0 (10.0-19.0) | 13.0 (10.0-18.0) | 29.0 (18.0-52.0) | <0.0001 |
| ICU admission | 75 (4%) | 50 (3%) | 25 (24%) | <0.0001 |
| Length of ICU stay, days | 14.0 (7.0-27.0) | 10.0 (5.0-21.0) | 21.0 (13.0-40.0) | 0.0082 |
| Time from discharge to follow-up, days | 308.0 (191.0-322.0) | 308.0 (185.0-322.0) | 297.0 (268.0-318.0) | 0.15 |
| Time from symptom onset to follow-up, days | 342.0 (223.0-358.0) | 341.0 (220.0-357.0) | 351.0 (326.0-367.0) | 0.0004 |
Data are n (%), n/N(%), or median (IQR). The different denominators used indicate number of participants with data for corresponding variables.
⁎
Other types of antibiotics include peptide, lincomycin, thiazolidone, glycopeptide, nitroimidazole, and cyclic lipopeptide.
AKI=acute kidney injury. HFNC=high-flow nasal cannula for oxygen therapy. NIV=non-invasive ventilation. IMV=invasive mechanical ventilation. ECMO=extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ICU=intensive care unit.