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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer Causes Control. 2021 Nov 16;33(2):223–239. doi: 10.1007/s10552-021-01515-0

Table 4.

Body size measurements and risk of prostate cancer according to D’Amico risk classification for all centers (4A), and stratified by geographic region (4B)

 A. All Participating Centers
Body Size
Measurements		 D’Amico Risk Groupg
Intermediate risk High risk
BMI (kg/m2) Controls Cases OR 95% CI Cases OR 95% CI
 <18.5 109 10 0.53 0.27 - 1.07 109 1.11 0.83 - 1.49
 18.5 - 24.9 879 129 1.00 ref 763 1.00 ref
 25-29.9 563 121 1.28 0.96 - 1.71 391 0.82 0.69 - 0.97
 ≥30 308 85 1.38 0.99 - 1.93 195 0.77 0.61 - 0.95
P for trendh 0.05 0.01
Waist circumference (cm)i
 ≤82.5 450 55 1.00 ref 343 1.00 ref
 82.6 – 90.0 481 70 1.04 0.7 - 1.54 456 1.21 0.99 - 1.47
 90.1 –97.0 456 76 1.13 0.76 - 1.67 327 0.90 0.73 - 1.11
 97.1 – 158 475 144 1.60 1.10 - 2.33 341 0.98 0.78 - 1.22
P for trend 0.01 0.25
Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)
 ≤0.95 695 153 1.00 ref 615 1.00 ref
 0.96-0.99 774 122 0.79 0.60 - 1.04 567 0.77 0.66 - 0.91
 ≥1 391 58 0.56 0.39 - 0.80 269 0.74 0.60 - 0.92
P for trend 0.001 0.002
Waist to Height ratio (WHtR)
 ≤0.54 1032 129 1.00 ref 843 1.00 ref
 0.54 - 0.59 433 94 1.40 1.03 - 1.90 325 0.90 0.75 - 1.08
 >0.59 392 122 1.68 1.24 - 2.29 291 0.95 0.78 - 1.15
P for trend <0.001 0.40
 g D'Amico Risk: intermediate (T2b, GS =7, PSA 10–20) and high (≥T2c, GS 8-10, or PSA >20).
 N=74 cases were in low risk group (T0-T2a and GS ≤6 and PSA ≤10) and they were excluded from the stratification analysis.
 Models were adjusted for age at enrollment, recruitment center, occupation, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes
B. Stratified Analyses by Geographic Region
Body Size
Measurements		 West Africa b,c,d South Africa b,e,f
D’Amico
Intermediate Risk 		D’Amico High
Risk 		D”Amico
Intermediate Risk 		D’Amico High
Risk
BMI (kg/m2) Controls Cases OR 95%
CI		 Cases OR 95%
CI		 Controls Cases OR 95%
CI		 Cases OR 95%
CI
 <18.5 57 2 0.37 0.08 - 1.64 82 1.38 0.95 – 2.00 52 8 0.64 0.29 - 1.43 27 0.85 0.50 - 1.43
 18.5 - 24.9 529 44 1.00 ref 514 1.00 ref 350 85 1.00 ref 249 1.00 ref
 25 - 29.9 301 31 1.28 0.77 - 2.12 213 0.77 0.61 - 0.96 262 90 1.28 0.90 - 1.83 178 0.92 0.70 - 1.21
 ≥30 109 13 1.66 0.81 - 3.40 76 0.78 0.56 - 1.09 199 72 1.36 0.93 – 2.00 119 0.78 0.57 - 1.06
P for trendh 0.16 0.03 0.10 0.12
Waist circumference (cm)i
 ≤82.5 284 19 1.00 ref 236 1.00 ref 166 36 1.00 ref 107 1.00 ref
 82.6 – 90.0 296 21 0.93 0.47 - 1.81 327 1.33 1.04 - 1.70 185 49 1.05 0.64 - 1.73 129 0.90 0.63 - 1.28
 90.1 – 97.0 269 18 0.84 0.42 - 1.69 203 0.89 0.69 - 1.17 187 58 1.22 0.75 – 2.00 124 0.81 0.56 - 1.16
 97.1 – 158 151 32 2.71 1.41 - 5.21 127 1. 03 0.76 - 1.41 324 112 1.31 0.82 - 2.07 214 0.85 0.61 - 1.19
P for trend 0.01 0.46 0.18 0.33
Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)
 ≤0.95 363 36 1.00 ref 362 1.00 ref 332 117 1.00 ref 253 1.00 ref
 0.96-0.99 478 42 1.05 0.63 - 1.76 388 0.78 0.62 - 0.97 296 80 0.74 0.53 - 1.03 179 0.76 0.59 - 0.99
 ≥1 158 12 1.09 0.48 - 2.50 139 0.81 0.59 - 1.12 233 46 0.49 0.33 - 0.72 130 0.67 0.50 - 0.90
P for trend 0.80 0.08 <0.001 0.01
Waist to Height ratio (WHtR)
 ≤0.54 658 42 1.00 ref 598 1.00 ref 374 87 1.00 ref 245 1.00 ref
 0.54 - 0.59 218 24 1.58 0.91 - 2.75 179 0.88 0.69 - 1.12 215 70 1.28 0.88 - 1.87 146 0.90 0.68 - 1.20
 >0.59 120 24 3.38 1.85 - 6.17 109 1.00 0.74 - 1.35 272 98 1.36 0.95 - 1.95 182 0.91 0.69 - 1.20
P for trend <0.001 0.69 0.09 0.50
g D'Amico Risk: intermediate (T2b, GS =7, PSA 10–20) and high (≥T2c, GS 8-10, or PSA >20). N=74 cases were in low risk group (T0-T2a and GS ≤6 and PSA ≤10) and they were excluded from the stratification analysis.
Models were adjusted for age at enrollment, recruitment center, occupation, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes