. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: Biomed Pharmacother. 2021 Dec 22;146:112571. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112571

Table 3.

Peak changes in ventilatory parameters elicited by fentanyl in the three treatment groups

Parameter	Vehicle	L-NAME	D-NAME

Frequency, breaths/min	−25 ± 7^*	−39 ± 5^*	−24 ± 4^*
Tidal Volume (TV), ml	−46 ± 5^*	−47 ± 7^*	−45 ± 4^*
Minute Ventilation, ml/min	−44 ± 4^*	−68 ± 3^*,†	−43 ± 5^*
Inspiratory time (Ti), sec	+54 ± 14^*	+74 ± 9^*	+53 ± 8^*
Expiratory time (Te), sec	+131 ± 21^*	+312 ± 46^*,†	+133 ± 17^*
End inspiratory pause, msec	+112 ± 13^*	+139 ± 12^*	+107 ± 15^*
End expiratory pause, msec	+1102 ± 136^*	+1702 ± 138^*,†	+1092 ± 109^*
Peak inspiratory flow, ml/sec	−51 ± 4^*	−55 ± 6^*	−52 ± 5^*
Peak expiratory flow, ml/sec	−41 ± 6^*	−51 ± 6^*	−43 ± 5^*
EF₅₀, ml/sec	+118 ± 12^*	+105 ± 16^*	+113 ± 13^*
Relaxation time (RT), sec	−36 ± 6^*	−36 ± 3^*	−33 ± 4^*
Apneic pause, (Te/RT)-1	+365 ± 64^*	+752 ± 149^*,†	+357 ± 44^*
TV/Ti, ml/sec	−51 ± 4^*	−58 ± 4^*	−53 ± 7^*
TV/Te, ml/sec	−72 ± 6^*	−85 ± 5^*	−78 ± 9^*
NEBI, %	+345 ± 23	+724 ± 83^*,†	+319 ± 27^*
NEBI/Freq, %/(breaths/min)	+352 ± 62^*	+1296 ± 62^*,†	+355 ± 51^*

NEBI, non-eupneic breathing index. The data are presented as mean ± SEM. There were 6 rats in each of the vehicle-treated, and L-NAME- and D-NAME-treated groups.

P < 0.05, significant change from pre-value.

^†

P < 0.05, L-NAME-treated versus vehicle-treated.