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. 2022 Jan 20;79(2):84. doi: 10.1007/s00018-021-04125-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Effect of an LPS injection on inflammation, EV release, and cardiac function. a C57/Bl6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with 6 mg/kg of LPS/mouse. b TNF-α in platelet-free plasma (PFP) (n = 6–8). c GDF-15 in PFP (n = 6–8). ELISA results after 4 h/6 h and 24 h after LPS injection. d Cardiac Troponin I was measured by ELISA 6 h and 24 h after LPS injection. Data points represent values from individual mice (means ± SD are indicated). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.005; ****P < 0.001). e, f mEVs were isolated from 200 µl of mouse PFP using differential centrifugation e) followed by ultracentrifugation to separate sEVs f n = 6. Particle concentration was measured by NTA 6 h and 24 h after the treatment. g The graph shows the number of infiltrating cells/fields for each condition. Quantitative results indicate the average values ± SD of n = 3 animals in each group. The results were analyzed by Student’s T-test, no significant difference was found. h Representative images of the echocardiography analysis of the mouse hearts 6 h after LPS injection. i, j LPS led to a significant reduction of EF (ejection fraction) and prolongation of IVRT (isovolumic relaxation time). Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test. Data are presented as mean ± SD (*P < 0.05 vs vehicle 6 h, ^#P < 0.05 vs LPS baseline)